1. Feeding time
In order to reduce the labor intensity and improve the feeding effect in production, the method of feeding twice a day with an interval of 12 hours and 1 time in the morning and evening is generally adopted. Ensure that cows have enough time to rest and ruminate, improve the digestive function of gastrointestinal tract, and reduce the number of exercises of cows.
2. Feeding methods
The ideal feeding method is to mix concentrate, coarse feed and green feed in a certain proportion, which can improve feed digestibility. But for large fattening cattle farms, it is impossible to do this because of the high labor cost. At this time, separate feeding can also be used. Feed roughage first, then concentrate, so as to ensure that cows are full, promote cows to eat more, and reduce the amount of scraps in the trough. For coarse materials, it is best to carry out wet mixing, soaking, fermentation, cutting and crushing to improve digestion and utilization.
Laizhou Hongxun Beef Cattle Breeding Trading Service Company has long explored a set of methods to induce cattle to increase feed intake and promote growth, and the effect is good. Specific measures are as follows:
(1) Buy cattle with strict screening. The masses have the experience of "big mouth and love to eat". (2) At the initial stage of fattening, the proportion of roughage in the diet should not be less than 50%. Eating coarse grains can exercise gastrointestinal function and increase stomach capacity. Feed ingredients should be diversified.
(3) Feed roughage first, then concentrate, feed less times, and finally feed water.
(4) If beef cattle suffer from anorexia during feeding, they can be fed with high-quality and palatable green feed to restore and enhance gastrointestinal function; You can also change the feed form, such as cooking, tabletting and other methods to improve palatability.
(5) Ensure fresh and sufficient drinking water, and supply it day and night.
(6) Add drugs to help digestion and use additives in the diet.
(7) Feed supply should be gradually increased, neither too fast nor too urgent, otherwise it will easily lead to waste of scraps or indigestion. There should be a process to change feed, not a one-time change, and generally there should be a transition period of about 1 week.
3. Feeding methods
There are mainly three ways: grazing feeding, tethered house feeding and combination of grazing and house feeding.
Grazing and feeding, grazing on grassland can be used in pastoral areas, and can be suitable for cattle of all ages and production purposes. In agricultural areas, beaches, beaches, grass hills and slopes are mainly used, which is not conducive to rapid fattening, while grazing calves and calves can promote bone development.
House feeding is the most commonly used feeding method in intensive industrial production, which has the characteristics of fast production speed and high economic benefits.
The combination of grazing and house feeding can be used in many areas. In the summer and autumn when the forage is sufficient, grazing can be given priority to, and concentrated feed can be supplemented appropriately, and feeding can be completely abandoned in winter.
Supporting facilities and equipment of cattle farm
I. Cowshed facilities and equipment
The main facilities in the general cowshed are: cow bed and rope tying equipment, feeding equipment, drinking water equipment, manure cleaning equipment and other related facilities outside the cowshed.
(1) cattle bed
Cow beds must ensure that cows rest comfortably and quietly, keep cows clean, facilitate milking operation (when milking indoors), and be easy to clean. Cattle beds should have a suitable slope, generally 1~ 1.5%. At present, all cattle beds are made of cement, and the latter half is marked with anti-skid. In winter, in order to reduce the influence of cold on dairy production, it is necessary to add padding to the cow bed. It is best to use rubber and other materials for the surface layer of cattle bed.
1, tie the cow bed
2. Cattle beds in scattered pens
(2) Fasten the equipment
Tethered equipment is used to limit the range of movement of cattle in bed. The tie-down device is in the form of soft chain and hard joint neck frame/
(3) Feeding equipment
The feeding facilities of dairy cows include feed loading, transportation and distribution equipment and feed channels.
There are two common feeding methods: using a single type of whole diet compound feed, that is, mixed silage and compound feed; When feeding in a shed, most concentrate is fed during milking, silage is fed in the sports ground or the trough in the shed, and green feed and hay are generally fed in the sports ground.
(4) Drinking water equipment
The drinking water equipment in the cowshed includes conveying pipes and automatic drinking water devices or sinks.
(5) dung cleaning equipment in the house
1, fecal canal and fecal ditch
2. Forms and equipment of dung cleaning
The forms of dung cleaning in cowshed are mechanical dung cleaning, water flushing dung cleaning and manual dung cleaning. Most dairy farms in China adopt manual manure cleaning. The main equipment used for mechanical dung cleaning is connecting rod scraper, which is suitable for single row cattle bed; Circular chain scraper, suitable for double row cattle bed; The double-wing dung pushing plate is suitable for the cowshed in the feeding shed.
Second, the milking center and milking equipment
(A) the layout of the milking center
The location of the milking parlour generally adopts the following two arrangements:
1. The milking room is located in the center of the milk shed.
2. Milking room is located on one side of several adult cowhouses.
(2) milking equipment
1, milking equipment requirements
In order to make milking equipment not produce harmful stimulation to cows, improve milk yield, reduce diseases and reduce milk pollution, the requirements for milking equipment are as follows.
(1) physiological needs
(2) Technical requirements
2. Type of milking equipment
Mechanical milking devices are mainly divided into the following types according to their forms: bucket type, pipeline type, milking hall type, mobile type and milking robot. Which type of milking device to choose mainly depends on the scale of dairy farm and feeding technology.
(1) Bucket milking device: it is mainly used in the tethered barn of small and medium-sized cattle farms, and consists of milking machine and vacuum device.
(2) Pipeline milking device: it is suitable for tethered cowshed of medium-sized cattle farm. It consists of the following six parts. Vacuum system, vacuum pipeline, milk pipeline, milking cup set, milk collection system and cleaning and disinfection system.
(3) Mobile milking device: it is suitable for milking cows in pastures with large range of activities.
(4) milking device in the milking hall: the milking system in the milking hall is suitable for specialized dairy farms, and this form is mostly used for dairy farms that are kept in captivity. The milking device in the milking hall is mainly composed of fixed milking machine, milk meter, milk conveying pipeline and feeding equipment, automatic breast cleaning and automatic milk cup unloading.
(3) Milking room layout
The milking parlour is the most important part of the milking center. According to different needs, different forms and different milking farms are equipped with milking tables. Every milking farm has milking machines, milk meters, milk conveying equipment and washing equipment. Common milking tables have the following forms.
1. Horizontal
2. Series connection
3. Side entry type
4. Fishbone style
5. Disc player
(4) Foot bath
The hoof bath pool is directly set on the return passage of dairy cows, and the dairy farm can carry out hoof bath 1~2 times a week according to actual needs. Pay attention to the following points when designing:
(1) Because the hoof bath is set on the return passage, the speed of cows returning to the cowshed is slow, so the hoof bath should be as far away from the milking platform as possible to reduce the impact on it.
(2) The hoof bath is as wide as the reflux channel, and the depth is 15cm. It is required to hold at least 10cm of liquid. The minimum length is 220cm, and corresponding slopes are set at both ends.
(3) In order to avoid a large number of cattle hoof dirt falling into the hoof bath to pollute the disinfectant, the cattle can pass through the clear water pool before the hoof bath.
Three, silage facilities and silage equipment
There are four main ways of silage, namely silage cellar, silage tower, plastic bag silage and ground storage. According to different conditions and dosage, different silage methods and corresponding supporting facilities can be selected.
(1) Silage cellar
1. Location of cellar
Silage pits should be built near cowshed, with high and dry terrain and easy drainage, away from water sources and cesspits, and pits should not be built in low-lying places or under the shade of trees to prevent water leakage, air leakage and collapse.
2. The shape and specifications of the pit
The top width of small silo is 2.0~4.0m, the depth is 2.0~3.0m, the length is 3.0 ~ 15.0m; the width of large silo is 10.0~ 15.0m, the depth is 3.0~3.5m, and the length is 30.0~50.0m.
Jianjiankeng
The earth cellar wall should be smooth, and if it is used for a long time, it is best to make it a permanent cellar. The four corners of the rectangular cellar are curved, which is convenient for the sinking of silage and the removal of residual air.
4. Calculation of silo volume and silage weight
The width and depth of the silo depend on the amount of silage fed every day, and it is usually appropriate to take no less than 15cm per day. After the width and depth are determined, the length of silage cellar can be calculated according to the silage demand, and the weight of silage can also be calculated according to the volume of silage cellar and the stacking density of silage raw materials.
5. Loading and unloading equipment
Silage kiln can be loaded with green forage chopper while chopping, or it can be transported back to dump by trailer behind green forage harvester.
(2) Ground storage
Ground storage is a relatively simple method. Choose a dry and flat place, preferably a cement floor. Cover it tightly with plastic film, or build a low wall around it, spread the feed film and add green material. Generally, the pile is 1.5~2.0m high, 1.5~2.0m wide and 3~5m long. The top is compacted with dirt or heavy objects. This form has less storage and short shelf life, and is suitable for small-scale farming.
(3) Plastic bag storage
Adopting plastic bag silage has the following advantages: less investment, quick effect and high comprehensive benefit; Silage has good quality, high crude protein content, low crude fiber content, high digestibility, good palatability, high intake and fragrant smell; The loss and waste are few, and the mildew loss, bleeding loss and feeding loss are greatly reduced; Long storage period, up to 1~2 years; Not affected by season, sunshine, rainfall and groundwater level, it can be stacked in the open air; Can concentrate on harvesting and drying, and complete silage production in a short time; Convenient storage and feeding; Save cellar building cost and maintenance cost; The land and labor force occupied by cellar building are saved; Saves the pit-lowering labor force; Do not pollute the environment; Easy to transport and commercialize. The necessary condition is to cut the silage raw materials into short pieces, spray them into plastic bags, exhaust and compact them, and then tie them. If there is no air extractor, it should be filled tightly and pressed tightly.
Four, beef cattle farm facilities and equipment
(1) cattle bed
Cement gypsum can be used, which has good thermal conductivity, durability and easy cleaning and disinfection.
(2) Feed trough
There are two kinds of feeding tanks, fixed and movable, which are arranged in front of the cow bed.
(3) Water tank
The sink is an indispensable facility in the home, just like the feeding trough. You can use an automatic drinking machine or a sink with a tap. In cold areas, water tanks are required to prevent cold and frost, and warm water can be used in winter if necessary.
(4) dung clearing channel
The dung clearing passage is also the passage for cattle to go in and out. Generally, it is necessary to set a certain slope and anti-skid groove in the dung cleaning channel.
(5) Manure ditch
The dung shed is generally equipped with a dung ditch between the cow bed and the passage, which requires no leakage and a flat wall. The width of the ditch is 30~40 cm, the depth is 10~ 15 cm, and the longitudinal drainage slope is 1~2%.
(6) Feed channel
The feed channel is set at the front end of the feed trough, generally higher than the ground 10 cm, and the width is generally 1.5~2 cm.
(7) Sports ground
Cowhouses for raising cows and calves should be equipped with sports fields. Sports grounds are mostly located in the open space between buildings, surrounded by fences, and cows are scattered or tied inside. The sports ground should be made of concrete. The playground should be equipped with supplementary feeding trough and sink. Fattening cattle generally need to reduce exercise, tie them to the playground to rest after feeding, reduce feed consumption and increase weight gain. For cattle breeders, it is necessary to ensure adequate exercise and sunbathing every day. Bulls should be forced to exercise to ensure their health.
(8) Other equipment
1. Management equipment: mainly including cattle body brushing equipment, binding equipment, cleaning cowshed, weight testing equipment, ear tag, bloodless castrator, body measurement equipment, etc.
2, feed production and transportation equipment
The equipment of beef cattle farm also includes veterinary epidemic prevention equipment, transportation equipment inside and outside the farm and public works equipment.