The first war between Ming Dynasty and Manchu Dynasty was Salhu War. In terms of strength. There are about 60 thousand soldiers in the Eight Banners of the Qing army. In the Ming Dynasty, Levin led the Ming army in Liaodong180,000, in Yehe (Manchu feud) 20,000, and in Korea (China's vassal state) 20,000. * * * about two hundred thousand. The Ming Dynasty was an attack. (One shows that the army is 90,000 troops.) Another advantage of the Ming army is that it has firearms and steel cannons, and its firepower is much sharper.

Qingbing all the way. Ming army soldiers are divided into four roads, one led by juniper from Shanhaiguan; A route led by Liaodong company commander Li; One route was led by Ma Lin, the company commander of Kaiyuan, and Ye He reinforced it; The first route was led by Liaoyang General Liu Ge, and there were Korean reinforcements. Levin is in power in Shenyang.

In command, the commander-in-chief of the Qing army is Nurhachi. Nurhachi is a rare talented strategist in history. Yang Hao, commander-in-chief of the Ming army, was a civilian, lacking experience and military common sense. Although he has many experienced officers, there must be something wrong with the overall scheduling.

Judging from the quality of soldiers. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was corrupt and deserted. The army lacks training and necessary military preparations. Moreover, soldiers come from various places, and soldiers in the south are not adapted to the cold climate in the north. The Qing soldiers, who are battle-hardened and disciplined, are familiar with the terrain and adapt to the climate, and can give full play to their advantages.

The Qing soldiers adopted the strategy of concentrating their main forces and dividing them one by one, and attacked Mingjun West Road first.

Du Jun, the company commander of the marked army, is a warrior general of the Ming army, leading 60,000 troops and being the main force of the Ming army. According to historical records, when the two armies met in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was suddenly dark and nothing could be seen a few feet away. Juniper ordered the torch to be lit. This time, the Ming army was in the Ming and the Qing army was in the dark, and the whole army became the target of the Qing army. Nuerhachi unified his troops with the Six Flags as the main attack, while Daishan and Huang Taiji unified their flags to attack on the right. Juniper was killed by eighteen arrows. The company commander was killed, and the Ming army was in chaos and the whole army was wiped out.

Marin heard the change and rushed to Shangjian Cliff (about twenty or forty miles from Salhu Mountain). Nurhachi invaded the north and defeated the horse. Ma Lin fled back to Kaiyuan just to escape. Ye saw this situation and quit without a fight. After defeating Juniper and Marin, Nurhachi unified the Eight Banners and returned to Hetuala.

At that time, Liu Ge didn't know that Salhu was defeated, so Nurhachi used the command of juniper to make the Ming Dynasty surrender and lied that juniper won. Liu Ge then went directly into Hutuala and came to Abdali, where he was attacked by later nomads. Liu Ge was killed in the battle, and the whole army was wiped out. Liu Yi, the commander-in-chief of East Road, is a veteran of Ming Dynasty. He fought against pirates in Myanmar and Japan, and even led the army to help North Korea fight against Japanese invasion. After hundreds of battles, the North Korean soldiers were scared and gave up without fighting.

When the Ming Dynasty heard that all the three roads were defeated, Li was asked to withdraw his troops and flee back in panic. This time, the two sides fought fiercely for five days, and the latter won a total victory. Due to the battle of Salhu, the situation in Liaodong has undergone fundamental changes. From then on, the Ming dynasty lost the power of active attack militarily and was forced to be on the defensive. Later, Jin changed from defending to attacking. Shortly after the Battle of Salhu, the latter Jin joined forces with Kaiyuan and Tieling to eliminate Ye He. The enemy is near Liaoshen.

This war is the key to the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, the national strength of the Ming Dynasty was strong, with a population of 60 million. At that time, the policy of paying taxes according to the population was implemented, so the people concealed a large number of people. Experts generally believe that the population of the Ming Dynasty was about 1 100 million at that time, while some scholars believe that the population was about10.50 billion. At that time, the population of Manchu was about 500,000 to 600,000, and the number of soldiers was about100,000. In any case, the population of the Ming Dynasty was far better than that of the Manchu Dynasty. The Ming dynasty can be regarded as having almost unlimited supplementary ability, but it is difficult for the Qing dynasty to bear a defeat.

Weighing the pre-war conditions may not prove that the Qing Dynasty will win. The commander of the Ming army is still capable.

Judging from the later Ming and Qing wars, the problems of the Ming army mainly lie in the poor combat effectiveness, poor field ability and low morale of soldiers. There is a big gap in strength between Ming and Qing dynasties. At that time, the soldiers of the Ming army were not afraid of the "braid army", nor were they unable to win. Nurhachi was able to concentrate his forces and use the time difference to engage with the Third Road Ming Army in a relatively short time. In this kind of mobile warfare, the troops' rapid action speed, sustained fighting capacity and the commander's superb command ability are really amazing.

Sharp artillery that defeated the enemy in the late Ming Dynasty came in handy in this battle. Artillery is powerful and has strong attack power. But the fatal disadvantage is poor mobility. If we blindly rely on artillery, it will drag down the field troops.

This first war in Ming and Qing dynasties exposed some problems of the Ming army. With the development of future strategy, these problems of Ming army are increasingly reflected in strategic decision-making, which leads to the failure of Ming army again and again. Because of the war, the huge military expenditure made the Ming Dynasty continuously increase taxes, intensified domestic contradictions, and led to the Ming Dynasty's internal troubles and foreign invasion, fighting on both sides.

However, at that time, no one expected that the Manchu Dynasty would replace the Ming Dynasty in the Central Plains. No matter in what way, the Manchu did not have the strength to destroy the Ming Dynasty (in fact, the Ming Dynasty was not destroyed by the Manchu), and it also lacked the strength to unify the Central Plains in military strength. After Nurhachi, a generation of hero Huang Taiji realized the inherent deficiency of his own strength with a strategic vision. He didn't expect the Manchu Dynasty to defeat the Ming Dynasty, but only wanted the Ming Dynasty to recognize Manchu's dominant position in the north of Shanhaiguan, so he was always very cautious in strategy.

2. Emperor of Ming Dynasty

Nurhachi started with 13 pieces of armor and was ambitious to unify the north. Nurhachi in Qing Dynasty had military talent, Huang Taiji had political talent, and Dourgen had both. They are aggressive, carefully strengthen their own strength, attract talents of the Ming Dynasty with unprecedented ability, and realize their strategic goals step by step.

On the contrary, the emperors of the Ming Dynasty acted strangely and gradually destroyed their dynasty with actions unimaginable to ordinary people.

First of all, we must start with Zongshen. The year number of Zongshen is Wanli. 48 years in office. At that time, under Zhang's rule, the Ming Dynasty developed quite well and the country became rich and strong. But destroying a country is a piece of cake for the emperor.

Zongshen's actions are simply unreasonable, but there was such an emperor in the Ming Dynasty, and later emperors were not inferior to Zongshen in their own fields.

God is lazy.

In the forty-second year of Wanli, Ye said in the First Record: Of the six ministers, only one has a minister, and more than half of the national governors, censors, and state and county governors are missing.

In November of the forty-third year of Wanli, Yushizhai wrote in his memorial: The emperor has seen his officials for twenty-five years.

Zongshen can be lazy enough to completely ignore this country. Ministers' outspoken taboos, even all ministers are cursing the emperor, have also been ignored. As far as the laziness of Zongshen people is concerned, they may be too lazy to punish others.

It is hard to imagine that there will be such a jaw-dropping emperor in the world. But in fact, such emperors do exist. Naturally, Zongshen has no strategy, and those who want to be capable can only give up their efforts in front of Zongshen.

The greed of the gods is also necessary.

The world belongs to the emperor. Why did the emperor hoard property? What can the emperor do with the money? He can have whatever he wants. What can money do? However, Emperor Zongshen loved money like life, but this was not the only emperor in the Ming Dynasty. Zongshen is not lazy in greed, which is not inferior to the enthusiasm of corrupt officials today.

When Zhang was in power in the early years of Wanli, his annual income was about 420, and his palace expenditure was set at 1.22 million per year, accounting for almost one third of his annual income. However, after Zhang's death, within five days of the twenty-seventh year of Wanli, two million and two thousand mine taxes and business taxes were collected. Zongshen ignored other memorials, but as long as it was related to mining tax, as long as it was submitted, it would be approved immediately.

Zongshen reused eunuchs, let eunuchs search everywhere as the representative of the emperor, and put all the money searched into his private warehouse, which is called "internal library".

It is conceivable that these powerful eunuchs will cause much chaos to society. Eunuch psychopath. Now they act in the name of the emperor and have unlimited power. They are like tigers out of the cage. While paying taxes to the emperor, they also accumulated wealth for themselves, which caused a great burden to the people of the Ming Dynasty.

Such an emperor who reigned for 48 years and his policies. This is the beginning of the decline of the Ming Dynasty.

When God was lazy and neglected, Manchu began to rise, sending troops to attack Ming and capturing Fushun, a major town in Liaodong. The soldiers of the Ming Dynasty were defeated, and the company commander Zhang Chengyin died in the battle. More than 10 thousand soldiers were wiped out by the whole army, which shocked North Korea. At this time, the Ming dynasty launched a counterattack and carried out the battle of Salhu introduced earlier.

When the battle of Salhu failed, Levin was completely annihilated, and the court sent Xiong Tingbi to guard Liaodong.

No sooner had Xiong Tingbi left Shanhaiguan than Tieling fell. Zongshen was "diligent" for decades, when the army was disciplined and the soldiers had no fighting spirit; The cavalry deliberately killed the horse to avoid going to war. Hearing the enemy attack, the whole battalion of soldiers fled.

Faced with this situation, the emperor still defaulted on his salary.

The alarm kept coming from the border, and ministers asked the emperor to come to Korea to defend the general plan of commercial war. The emperor always sent eunuchs out to preach: "The emperor is sick." In any case, he refused to call a national defense conference. I am puzzled by Zongshen's strategy.

After Zongshen's death, his son Guangzong was emperor for only one month, and he died after taking medicine by mistake. Zhu Youxiao, the son of Guangzong, succeeded to the throne, known as Xizong, with the year apocalypse.

Xizong's greatest specialty is carpentry. He is really a good craftsman. To the point of being addicted to carpentry. If he is a carpenter, he is still capable, but he is an emperor.

Xizong is another incredible emperor. His greatest contribution to the Ming Dynasty was to reuse Wei Zhongxian to govern the country. Wei Zhongxian is the most powerful eunuch in the history of China. Presumably, if there is Wei Zhongxian in any dynasty, there will only be the end of national subjugation.

So Wei Zhongxian dismissed Xiong Tingbi, who had considerable military ability, and reused a large number of stereotyped experts as commander-in-chief, which led to the total annihilation, which was expected.

These Ming emperors didn't care about the country at all, and they did their own thing wholeheartedly, but they still enjoyed it. Compared with Nurhachi, Huang Taiji and Dourgen in Qing Dynasty, the emperors of Ming Dynasty had no strategy at all. It is strange that the Ming Dynasty can exist for so long. Such a bad dynasty might as well end early.

Being an emperor is irresponsible, ignorant and stupid. Whose fault is this? At the end of the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs were in power, not eunuchs, but the indulgence of the king to eunuchs. As far as strategy is concerned, it is unreasonable to compare only the rulers of both sides that the Ming Dynasty will not die.

3. Military strength of the Ming Dynasty

The following is an introduction to the equipment of the regular army in Ming Dynasty.

Each battalion (5,000 people) uses 3,600 thunderbolts, totaling 9,000 Jin of drugs and 900,000 pieces of lead. 200 rifles and Dalian pearl cannons, with a total dose of 675 kg; General Zhan Kou 160 people (General Zhan Kou is the name of field heavy artillery in Ming Dynasty), and another 1 0,000 people are cavalry.

It can be seen that the military strength of the Ming Dynasty was very strong, with heavy artillery and many attack weapons using gunpowder. It can be seen that the modernization and mechanization of the Ming army's equipment are far behind that of the Qing army, which has only bows, arrows and swords for a long time.

In terms of quantity, the number of troops in the Ming Dynasty is one of the best in the history of China. When Zhu Yuanzhang was just founded, the national army reached 6.5438+0.8 million. Later, from Yongle to orthodoxy, it even exceeded 2 million, and it remained at the level of 6.5438+0.2 million after orthodoxy.

Before Manchu entered the customs, the children of the Eight Banners were the most100000.

The Ming dynasty had great advantages in equipment and military power. Why did you lose in the battle? There are many reasons.

The first is the military system. The system of the Ming dynasty was that "soldiers are not specialized and soldiers are not private." The soldiers and generals of the Ming dynasty were not together, but separated and independent, and only gathered when they needed to fight. This can prevent the generals from rebelling on their own, but in war, they are inefficient, chaotic in management and lack of training.

The question of military resources. The main source of the Ming army's strength is "piling up soldiers", that is, dividing a large number of people into military books and passing them on from generation to generation. Emperors in the Ming Dynasty generally turned their opponents into the source of troops.

The life of military households is quite miserable. Forced garrison, generations are not allowed to leave their nationality, and the salary is meager. Be cannon fodder in wartime and coolies in peacetime. When they fled, they were forced to sit together and were replaced by relatives and family. Such a source of troops originally lacked strong fighting capacity and high morale. Moreover, this kind of "professional" soldier who "fights for the war" is easily distracted and has a strong war-weariness mentality.

Recruitment system was adopted in the late Ming Dynasty. The overall result is that people rob their wages and then run for their lives.

The problem of raising soldiers. The military reclamation system in the Ming Dynasty was really self-reliant and didn't cost the state money. However, it doesn't work in wartime. If the emperor deducts military pay on the pretext that he can farm fields, it will easily lead to mutiny. Soldiers' lives are already miserable, and even deducting normal expenses will only make the army lack training, have low combat effectiveness and have no fighting spirit.

Pay in wartime is an extremely serious problem. Divine greed, Wei Zhongxian, who was favored by Zong, was also greedy. Those powerful eunuchs are also insatiable. People who want to get development can only use money to seek promotion, and after promotion, they will naturally be exploited a thousand times. The same is true of the management of the army, where officers wantonly embezzle and falsely report the number of soldiers. As a result, the military expenditure is getting bigger and bigger, and there is more and more money here, just to increase the tax revenue of ordinary people. In this way, the contradictions became more and more fierce, but the military problems were not solved.

Political strategy directly affects war strategy.

Military commanders in the Ming Dynasty were all scholars, such as Yuan Chonghuan. It is not easy for a scholar to become a real handsome talent. The Ming dynasty was lucky. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were three famous soldiers who fought against the Qing Dynasty and made outstanding achievements: Xiong Tingbi, a scholar in the 26th year of Wanli. Sun Chengzong was the second scholar in thirty-two years of Wanli. Yuan Chonghuan was a scholar in forty-seven years of Wanli. There are three military experts among the scholars admitted to the stereotyped writing. But Ming Chengzu fired one of them and killed the other two. Other literati commanders were basically wiped out.

The strategy of the Ming Dynasty was basically defensive. So Yuan Chonghuan was able to defend hundreds of thousands of Manchu troops with thousands of soldiers, but when it came to the field, it was difficult for the superior forces of the Ming Dynasty to defeat the Qing troops. The Great Wall of Ming Dynasty is very famous, which is the product of typical defensive strategic thinking.

There was no aggressive emperor at the end of the Ming Dynasty, so strategic non-aggression was normal. Coupled with the constraints of system and strength, it is impossible to carry out offensive warfare in the later period.

The so-called super equipment in the Ming Dynasty became a disadvantage under certain conditions. Artillery comes from foreign countries, and it costs a lot of money to manufacture these equipment. In order to avoid loss and outflow, these devices are generally preserved. But when it comes to war, soldiers won't use these guns, and it often happens that they hit their own people. What is even more ridiculous is that the management of the state treasury is controlled by eunuchs, who have to use guns to resist the enemy and pay bribes to eunuchs.

So the progress of military technology is completely offset by political corruption.

It can be seen that political corruption can completely offset the advantages of military strength and equipment. At this time, the military advantage even became a disadvantage that endangered itself. Strategically, these wars were won and lost before they started.

If we don't change the corrupt system of Ming Dynasty, or the autocratic system, even if we have accumulated victory at the tactical level, we will only survive. The decline of the Ming Dynasty doomed his decline.

The rout of the Ming Dynasty cannot be saved by a hero. It was a tragic era, and the protagonist was doomed to the tragic fate.

4. Yuan Chonghuan

In the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao had little chance of winning against Yuan Shao. There is too much difference in military strength, and we don't have enough food and grass. Yuan Shao is not a very fatuous person. He has a large number of advisers and valiant soldiers. Cao Cao had to fight. If there was a chance for peace before the war, Cao Cao would not let it go. The real strategy is to accumulate one's own strength, weaken the enemy's strength and win without fighting or at the least cost. However, to fight or not to fight is something that Cao can control and choose. In fact, Cao saw that he could not withdraw his troops, so he would be defeated. Since the general environment is not decided by Cao Cao, it is useless for Cao Cao to complain, so he can only make use of it.

Yuan Shao has his own advantages and disadvantages. He seized the best opportunity to attack, that's all. As a result, although Cao Cao won, he was not sure before the war. Even if there is a chance of winning, it still needs the commanders of both sides to use, transform and grasp their own soldiers. Cao Cao is still sober about this problem. After the war, he burned the list of generals connected with Yuan Shao in his army, which was certainly a way to buy people's hearts, but it also proved that Cao Cao clearly saw the situation at that time.

Similarly, Yuan Chonghuan was unable to change the political corruption in the Ming Dynasty, and the anti-Qing Dynasty only treated the symptoms rather than the root cause. However, it is impossible for Yuan Chonghuan to do nothing. It is still possible for him to train soldiers and control the Manchus in the north within his own ability. Even if the emperor trusts it, it is not impossible to destroy the Manchu dynasty in time. To see the emperor's strategy, we need to look at the political height, bureaucracy, policy, management and employment. For a general, it depends on what he does within his ability and power. Especially under extremely unfavorable circumstances. Much like playing chess, you have one horse less than your opponent and complain.

Not being calm will not help you in the next game. Only by confirming this situation can we make the best use of the opponent's weaknesses and softness to win or sum up. Is the right strategy.

The so-called strategy is the process of judgment and decision-making. Although it can have a direct and greater impact on the result, the final result is not determined by unilateral strategy. It is not advisable to judge a person by the result.

When Yuan Chonghuan first arrived in Liaodong, the situation was very difficult. After several military defeats in the Ming Dynasty, Xiong Tingbi, who was quite talented in military affairs, was arrested for no reason, and his morale was low. Behind them are confused emperors, loyal traitors and jealous officials; His men are a group of hungry soldiers and horses, generals and weapons are incomplete, and they can't get food and pay.

At that time, all the defense facilities of the Ming army were concentrated in Shanhaiguan. Shanhaiguan is the "first pass in the world" and the biggest fortress to defend the capital, but there is no peripheral position. If the Qing soldiers attack, they will immediately rush to close the door.

Yuan Chonghuan put forward the strategy of moving the defense line northward, and soon reached Ningyuan, more than 200 miles outside Shanhaiguan. When Yuan Chonghuan arrived, he immediately built the city and completed it the following year. The wall is thick and has become an important town outside the customs. This wall kept Manchu soldiers out of Shanhaiguan for 2 1 year.

Yuan Chonghuan commanded the Ming army to win two battles in Ningyuan, both of which were bloody battles. But these two victories were defensive, and when to go to war and retreat depended on the Qing Dynasty. The Qing army has such mobility and flexibility that it can master fighter planes and retreat at unfavorable times, so it has not caused a fatal blow to the Qing army. Moreover, the field ability of the Ming army is extremely weak, and the defense is already very reluctant, not to mention the pursuit. These two victories were actually a strategic retreat of the Qing army, not a rout.

Meanwhile, Yuan Chonghuan wrote a letter and put forward the basic strategy of defending Liao. Among them, the proposition is: first, use Liao people to defend Liao soil; Second, cultivate the land and raise the army with Liao soil; Third, give priority to defense and wait for opportunities before attacking. He put forward the basic principle of tactics: "Soldiers are not conducive to field operations, only by strengthening the city and using artillery."

And Yuan Chonghuan also offered to make peace with Huang Taiji. (At this time, Nurhachi was dead, and the Qing Dynasty was ruled by Huang Taiji. It was beneficial to both sides to make peace at that time.

Manchu and Nurhachi died recently, and the people in Manchuria were in turmoil. Huang taiji's power is still not consolidated. Economically, because of the war with the Ming Dynasty, ginseng, mink and other specialty products lost their markets. At that time, Manchuria was a slave owner, plundering the Han people for farming, and its productivity was low. However, the army has greatly expanded, and at this time it has reached150,000. There was a big problem with military supplies, but a serious natural disaster happened again, and there was a famine in Liaodong. Enter the customs, not attack Yuan Chonghuan.

At this time, Huang Taiji decided the correct strategy: invading North Korea. North Korea is rich in natural resources and weak in strength. During the Ming and Qing wars, North Korea sent troops to help the Ming Dynasty and provided food for the Ming army, which became an obstacle to the rear of the Manchu Dynasty. Huang taiji's attack on North Korea can solve the economic and strategic difficulties, and at the same time establish prestige and consolidate power by virtue of military victory. (Soon after, the Manchu attacked North Korea successfully, and North Korea surrendered and concluded a peace treaty that was very beneficial to the Manchu. )

In the Ming dynasty, what the Ming side needed was training troops, building cities and filling the sea. The Ming dynasty needed an elite field army and a strong defensive city. More importantly, the imperial court has been in arrears with military pay and had to reclaim land to ensure material supply.

Ming's peace talks were offensive, and the ultimate goal was to destroy Manchu and recover all the lost land in Liaodong. The main purpose of the Qing peace talks is to be on the defensive, that is, to consolidate the acquired land and ask the Ming side to recognize the existing border between the two sides and let the two sides trade peacefully.

The demands made by the Qing Dynasty were economic. Huang taiji knew that the population and troops were limited and could not stand the long-term war of attrition. He made a peace treaty very sincerely. However, the Ming court looked down on Xu Jin and did not reply to any letters from the other side. Only local officials communicate with each other, and they ignore all peace talks. And some ministers also impeached Yuan Chonghuan for this many times.

Although the peace talks failed, Yuan Chonghuan took advantage of the invasion of Korea by the Manchu Dynasty to greatly consolidate Ningyuan's defense. Soon Yuan Chonghuan was forced to resign under the pressure of Wei Zhongxian. It was not until Chongzhen killed Wei Zhongxian that he returned to Ningyuan to take office. Yuan Chonghuan insisted on the strategy of "keeping Liao in Liao soil and raising Liao in Liao soil", focusing on self-cultivation. The second visit to Ningyuan, the main strategy is to solve two problems.

First, the issue of military pay.

At that time, there had been many military changes on the issue of military pay. Ning Yuan, the first in national defense, was in arrears for four months. Yuan Chonghuan killed several officials and temporarily calmed the situation. However, the pay was delayed and the soldiers mutinied. When the court owed money again and again, Yuan Chonghuan proposed to issue "cella", which is the money in the emperor's private vault. Chongzhen was very unhappy about this and didn't want to take out his own money. Finally, he had to take out his money. (Look at Li Zicheng's attack on Peiping. According to the warehouse records, the imperial court kept 37 million taels of silver and tens of millions of taels of gold, while the inpatient department only had 402,000 taels of silver and donated 202,000 taels of silver. It can be seen that the state treasury is empty, but the emperor's private warehouse is still abundant, and Chongzhen is not willing to take out his own money)

Second, the issue of peace.

Yuan Chonghuan dismissed from office, and Huang Taiji began to call himself emperor.

After Yuan Chonghuan returned to the office, he began to negotiate with Huang Taiji to delay the time. Huang taiji was very interested in the peace talks and immediately made a favorable response. The precondition put forward by Yuan Chonghuan is that Huang Taiji should first remove the Emperor and restore the name "Khan". Huang taiji actually agreed. However, he asked Ming Chengzu to give him a seal to formally recognize his "Khan" status. Huang taiji has been trying his best to make peace. He not only personally wrote to the border officials of the Ming Dynasty, but also asked North Korea to mediate and asked Mongolian princes to write to the Ming Dynasty for advice. The goal of every movement is "to achieve peace through war". He clearly realized that the Qing Dynasty was no match for the Ming Dynasty, and as long as the politics of the Ming Dynasty was on the right track, the Qing Dynasty would be extinct. Manchu people's economic strength is very weak, they can't spin, and their main income depends on robbery. )

Look at another historical record.

In June of the sixth year of Tiancong, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty wrote to Emperor Chongzhen: "Khan of Manchukuo sincerely played the role of Emperor Daming: a small country started its army, not because of insatiable greed, and this thought also came into being. Because the border officials are too abusive, this small country is very angry, and it can't reach ... Now I want to smell it out of anger, and I am afraid that the small country will not understand the old grievances, so I am suspicious and dare not go into Kerwin Chen in detail. If the emperor wanted to hear the feelings of a small country, he sent a good man to let the small country play. If peace is made, there is no need to mention indignation, as long as the emperor orders it. When a husband and a small country are reconciled, get some property, hunt and fly eagles, this is a happy place. I want to play. "

It can be seen that Huang Taiji has considerable self-knowledge and is very humble in his words. However, Chongzhen ignored this, always adhered to the policy of "not recognizing" Manchu, denied its independent qualification and never dealt with him. Ignorant and arrogant, he also angered Huang taiji.

In the second year of Chongzhen, Huang Taiji personally led the troops, assembled more than 100,000 soldiers, avoided the East Road defended by Yuan Chonghuan, and took Mongolian soldiers as the forerunner to attack around the West Road. (It can be seen that the Manchu invasion was not defensible by Shanhaiguan. )

The Qing army crossed the three rivers, skipped Shunyi, went to Tongzhou, crossed the river and marched into the horse factory. The soldiers attacked Beijing like the wind. Yuan Chonghuan marched more than 300 miles in two days and two nights, and was stationed outside Guangqumen. The two armies fought outside Guangqumen for eight hours, and the Qing soldiers finally retreated, retreating for more than ten miles.

Yuan Chonghuan knew that winning this battle was purely a fluke, which was not desirable militarily, especially when fighting outside the capital, and it was even more impossible to covet fluke. He said to his men, "According to the art of war, it is better to win by luck than to lose."

Yuan Chonghuan was in a hurry to rescue, so his troops were reduced. He wanted to wait until a large-scale force was assembled, and then he made a thorough counterattack against the Qing soldiers. So the soldiers were dispatched to harass the Qing soldiers behind the enemy lines, and not all the reinforcements were dispatched to Beijing. This strategy was correct. This time, Huang Taiji single-handedly went deep into the art of war, and has already committed the taboo of the art of war. According to Yuan Chonghuan's idea, it is entirely possible to defeat the Manchu army at one time. You know, Manchu couldn't bear such a devastating blow. So Yuan Chonghuan is waiting for the best fighters, waiting for his troops to assemble.

At this time, after the Qing army was defeated, in a rage, it burned out the suburbs of Beijing. Beijing residents who care about their own lives said that Yuan Chonghuan refused to participate in the war because of ulterior motives. Many people say that the Qing soldiers were attracted by him for the purpose of "threatening peace", forcing the emperor to accept the peace talks he had always advocated. Someone threw stones at the Yuan cavalry on the top of the city and called them "traitor soldiers". Stones killed several soldiers.

Chongzhen was worried when he saw Yuan Chonghuan unwilling to fight with the Qing army and heard rumors about Beijing. Coupled with Huang taiji's just right "deviant plan". Chongzhen finally imprisoned Yuan Chonghuan.

Huang Taiji was overjoyed to learn that Yuan Chonghuan was in prison. He immediately returned to the army from Liangxiang to Lugouqiao, destroyed the car camp of Shen Fu, deputy commander of Ming Dynasty, and approached Yongdingmen in Beijing. Chongzhen urged Man Gui (the general of Yuan Chonghuan) to take risks, but Man Gui was not allowed to send troops, and the whole army was wiped out.

Zu Dashou (general of Yuan Chonghuan) originally led an army to save the capital. Seeing Yuan Chonghuan imprisoned, he turned and rushed out of Shanhaiguan North. As a result, Yuan Chonghuan wrote a book and returned to the army with the intention of winning the war and saving Yuan Chonghuan. Fighting with the Qing soldiers and recovering Yongping and Zunhua areas. Cut off the rear road of the Qing army and force the Qing army to return to Liaodong. (After Yuan Chonghuan's death, Kibaki Zu Dashou and He Lingbing were stationed in Jinzhou, Ningyuan and Dalinghe Fortress, and the Qing army was never able to cross the line. )

At that time, many troops came to Beijing from all over the world. Yuan Chonghuan's imprisonment led to the demoralization of various military forces. Coupled with the lack of reimbursement and chaotic command, Shanxi and Shaanxi reinforcements all fled back to their hometowns and became the backbone of "hooligans." From then on, the defeated soldiers joined the bandits, which made the hungry people who could only grab food but could not fight have military leadership, and the "bandits" also grew into the threat of the Ming Dynasty at this time.

Later, Yuan Chonghuan was executed that year. On the way to be escorted to death, the people "bit through their bellies and took their internal organs straight".

Yuan Chonghuan's innocent murder dealt a heavy blow to the morale of the Ming army. From then on, only the Ming army surrendered to the Qing dynasty.

Yuan Chonghuan was honest and capable, but unfortunately, his last year ended. Having experienced Yuan Chonghuan, I thought it was understandable that whoever surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, considering that Yuan Chonghuan was so loyal, it was all like this, let alone others.

Wu Sangui is Zu Dashou's nephew. Wu Sangui's father, Wu Xiang, is a company commander in Ningyuan, and both of them are subordinates of Yuan Chonghuan. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, seven or eight of the ten generals of the Han nationality were troops of the Guan-Liao department. Wu Sangui, Kong Youde, Geng, Shang Kexi, Zuo Liangyu, Cao Wenzhao, Cao Bianjiao, Huang Degong, Liu Zeqing, etc. Some of these people surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and some died for the Ming Dynasty. They are all very talented people, and they are all brave soldiers under their command. These are all elite soldiers trained under Yuan Chonghuan's strategy. 5.

Compared with that tragic era, the year of the year is just an unremarkable fruit platter at a grand feast. It was just a small ending, not the climax of this tragedy. There were too many incredible things in that tragic era, and year in did not seem so incomprehensible.

Since there is no fault in Yuan Chonghuan's strategy, why will it lead to the final result? Is it unfair fate? Fate didn't even give Yuan Chonghuan a chance. Yuan Chonghuan fought for it himself. In contrast, fate gave Wu Sangui an opportunity, Wu Sangui seized it in time, and fate also gave Shi Kefa an opportunity, but Shi Kefa gave up without hesitation.

Can Yuan Chonghuan avoid the fate of that year?

Yuan Chonghuan is by no means a man who does not know how to advance and retreat. When Wei Zhongxian was in power, Yuan Chonghuan built a holy temple for Wei Zhongxian in Liaodong, Wei Zhongxian sent eunuchs to supervise soldiers, and Yuan Chonghuan also handled it well. Yuan Chonghuan belongs to the hostile faction of Wei Zhongxian politically. He is the examiner of Jinshi and the advisor who sponsored him. They are both giants of Lindong Party. But in Yuan Chonghuan's strategy, he must have the position of inspector before he can carry out his strategic plan of training and guarding the city, otherwise everything is empty talk.

At that time, Wei Zhongxian wantonly cleared Lindong party member, and was polite to Yuan Chonghuan, which was related to Yuan Chonghuan's compromise strategy. Today, some people habitually accuse people who speak against their wishes in history, thinking that they would rather die than surrender and call a spade a spade. Actually, it's too much Some people know they can't do it, which is admirable. Some people bear the burden of humiliation and drag out an ignoble existence in order to solve problems, pay a higher price and bear greater pressure.

Yuan Chonghuan could easily die like Shi Kefa and scold Wei Zhongxian like Lindong Party. Yuan Chonghuan is not afraid of death, but what can he do except add a high moral standard to the history of China and leave himself a reputation of "integrity"? Can you solve the slightest problem at that time? Is it constructive for the country? Can there be no talents like Yuan Chonghuan in the Ming Dynasty at that time?

However, even though Chongzhen trusted and reused Yuan Chonghuan, and gave him full rights and salary, Yuan Chonghuan completely eliminated the Manchu Dynasty as he wished. So what?

He is about to face a million Shun armies in Li Zicheng. Can he still succeed?

Yuan Chonghuan is like a fireman. He actively put out the fire, but there was a fire outside and inside, and the fire was getting bigger and bigger. In the end, he will be at a loss. He may be able to quell the Dashun Army in Li Zicheng, but the corrupt system in the Ming Dynasty was the one that set fire everywhere. Can he quell more and more "anti-thieves" after that? Can he have the heart to kill those peasants who have no food and want to rebel? In other words, can he awaken and oppose the Ming Dynasty?

Yuan Chonghuan's result was a tragedy doomed by that era, and 2008 was just a tragic ending.