Cultivation technology of pond fish: the life law of pond fish.
Sex-loving people are gluttonous and mainly eat animal bait, such as insects, small miscellaneous fish, shrimp, shellfish and so on. And I also like to eat blood (such as pig blood, the blood of slaughtered pigs flows into the pond, and the fish in the pond will grow very big), feces and meat, which grow very fast.
Most of them hunt for food at night and dive into water or caves during the day. After artificial feeding, you can also eat during the day and eat some plant concentrated feed. Pond fish has strong adaptability, can grow in small water body and low dissolved oxygen environment, has few diseases, wide feed sources, is easy to breed, and has low cost, and is suitable for cultivation and popularization in small water surface of farm courtyards.
Pond fish is a wild fish, which lives in the downstream of rivers, fields, potholes and ditches. They mainly live in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and potholes, mostly in coastal areas, hiding in grass, rocks or deep water during the day and foraging frequently at night. After autumn, living in deep-water activated sludge overwinters, and the degree of food intake is also weakened. Carnivorous fish mainly prey on small fish, such as rice strips, crucian carp, goby fish, ear fish, carp, loach and so on. And eat shrimp and aquatic insects. Mainly swallowing, the role of teeth is mainly to prevent food from escaping.
habitat
It's Nocturnal Animals, hiding quietly in the pit at the bottom of the river or under the roots during the day. Large species with a big appetite, such as the Danube catfish, attack small waterfowl or mice and fierce fish at the bottom. Afraid of light, I like to live in crevices, deep pits, earth caves or caves at the bottom of tree roots, and slow flowing water near rivers.
In the still water of reservoirs, ponds, lakes and ponds, most of them lie under dark water or under pieces of water hyacinths, water peanuts and water hyacinths.
In spring, we start to move and eat. Don't eat after winter, stay in deep water or caves for the winter, and generally don't swim if there is nothing to invade.
Silurus meridionalis has small eyes and weak vision. It lies in the daytime and goes out at night. It hunts by its sense of smell and two pairs of antennae, and it is very greedy. The hotter the weather, the greater its appetite, and it is active on cloudy days and at night.
Sexual maturity is early, usually one year old. The spawning period is from April to June along the Yangtze River, and the farther south, the earlier and the farther north, the later. When laying eggs, they chase in groups. Similar to Darwin's frog, male catfish hatch young catfish by putting eggs laid by female catfish in their mouths. The difference is that male catfish can't eat during this period. Young fish feed on zooplankton and molluscs, among which aquatic insects's larvae and shrimps are delicious.
Greedy is easy to grow, and about 500 grams of young fish will swallow a lot of crucian carp and carp. Suitable for living in water with water temperature of 20 ~ 25℃. Generally, the body surface is scaly, sticky, with a flat head and a big mouth, and four whiskers on the upper and lower jaws, so you should be able to distinguish the taste.
Silurus meridionalis belongs to benthic fishes. After eating during the day, it likes to gather at the bottom of the pool, in caves and in the shade, and move around for food at night. Because of long-term dwelling in the bottom cave environment, vision is degraded, external food, stimulation, enemy injury and other feelings. Mainly rely on four pairs of well-developed mouth whiskers and well-developed lateral line system and olfactory sac around the mouth. At the same time, Silurus meridionalis has dendritic auxiliary respiratory organs, which can directly utilize oxygen in the air, so it has strong hypoxia tolerance. As long as the skin stays moist, it won't die if you leave water for a long time.
Silurus meridionalis has strong migratory ability. It uses strong spines to support its body to crawl on land and cross many obstacles to move from one water body to another, looking for a new living environment. Silurus meridionalis is a tropical and subtropical fish with poor low temperature tolerance. When the water temperature drops to 8 ~ 10℃, it will cause frostbite and water mold infection; When it drops below 7℃, it begins to die. Therefore, the water temperature of Silurus meridionalis during artificial overwintering should be kept at least above 65438 03℃. Silurus meridionalis can still live normally in water with dissolved oxygen of 0.8 mg/L (1.7mg/L for general fish) and in acidic environment with pH value of 4.8 (above 5.6 for general fish). Even in foul water, if it lives in harsh environment for a long time, its growth will be inhibited or many fish diseases will occur.
Growth characteristics of fish in ponds
Catfish with beards are greedy and often lurk in the dark at the bottom of the pool after eating. Therefore, it has fast growth, high yield and short production cycle. In the south of China, it can be raised for 2 ~ 3 seasons every year, and ponds can also be raised. After 4 ~ 5 months, fry can generally grow to 0.5 kg, the largest individual can reach more than 2 kg, and the yield per mu can reach 5000 kg. The overwintering fish species last year can generally grow to 1 kg, and the largest individual can reach more than 4 kg.
Food positioning
Silurus meridionalis is an omnivorous fish, which mainly feeds on animals. Its daily food intake is 5-8% of its own weight, and its maximum food intake can reach more than 15%. Overfeeding will lead to death from overeating. Silurus meridionalis has strong hunger tolerance. When overwintering artificially, fingerlings or parent fish will not die if they are not fed for 4-5 months. When the water temperature rises above 15℃, they start to eat normally, and when the water temperature is 20-35℃, they will eat vigorously. Generally, May-September is the peak period of feeding, when the growth rate is the fastest. In natural waters, fry mainly feed on rotifers, Daphnia, octopus, cladocera and copepods. 4 ~ 7 days after feeding, nutrition is completely obtained by predation. The palatable object changes from small to large, and mainly preys on larger cladocera. When cladocera is insufficient, it also eats organic debris, aquatic insects, worms and so on in the water. In the adult stage, it mainly preys on worms, aquatic insects, benthos, small fish and shrimps, animal carcasses, organic debris and tender stems and leaves of plants. In the case of artificial feeding, animal feed can be fed, such as blood, viscera, fish meal, silkworm chrysalis, snail, earthworm, fly maggot, etc. You can also feed rice bran, peanut cake, wheat bran, bean cake, corn flour and other plant feeds.
egg
The eggs of catfish with long beard are poisonous. Eating by mistake can lead to vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspnea and even paralysis in severe cases.
Pond fish culture technology
Feeding environment
The pond requires that you can choose to breed in a small water body in the hospital, or you can use the pond to breed alone. It is required that the water source is sufficient, the water quality is pollution-free, the water inlet and outlet are convenient, the bottom of the pond is flat, there is little silt, and the water retention performance of the pond is good, with an area of 67 ~ 1334 square meters and a water depth of1.5 meters. The water inlet and outlet are fortified with escape facilities, and some aquatic plants such as water hyacinths are planted in the corner of the pond to keep the fish hidden. If possible, it is best to enclose the pond foundation with a net with a mesh of 0.2 ~ 0.4 cm. The net is 80 cm high and the bottom is buried in the soil for 20 cm to prevent snakes, frogs and other enemies from entering. Drain the pond water 10 day before stocking, and sprinkle 80 ~ 100 kg of quicklime every 667 square meters for disinfection.
Fish culture requires strong physique, no injury or disease, and neat specifications. Generally, there are 20,000 to 30,000 species of bearded catfish with specifications of 3 to 5 cm per square meter in larger ponds, and 80 to 100 species per square meter in small water bodies in courtyards. When stocking fish, soak them in 3% salt solution for about 10 minute.
The feed sources of Silurus meridionalis are extensive, including snails, clams, mussels, maggots, earthworms, dead fish and dead shrimps, scraps from slaughterhouses and artificial compound feed. Feeding snails, clams, mussels, etc. The shell should be broken, the powdered feed should be mixed with minced meat, and the protein content of the mixed granular feed should be above 30%. Feed catfish twice a day. In order to adapt to the feeding habits of catfish, the feeding time should be in the early morning and evening. The feeding amount should be flexibly controlled and appropriately adjusted according to the climate, water temperature, water quality and fish feeding intensity. Generally, the daily feeding amount is 5% ~ 8% of the fish weight.
In the daily management of aquaculture, it is necessary to apply organic fertilizer to cultivate zooplankton according to the fatness of water quality, so as to increase natural bait and reduce production cost. Fresh water should be replenished frequently, with water injection 1 time every 7 ~ 10 days, water injection 1 time every 5 ~ 7 days in high temperature season, and water injection 10 ~ 15 cm deep each time to prevent water quality from deteriorating. Use quicklime 1 time every 15 days or so, and the dosage is 0/5 ~ 20g per cubic meter of water. Sprinkle water all over the pool water, adjust the pH value of the pool water, and improve the water quality. Insist on patrolling the pond in the morning and evening to observe the water quality and fish activities. Pay attention to check the fish retaining facilities in the pond in rainy days to prevent fish from escaping, and pay attention to prevent snakes, rats and other hazards. There are few diseases in Silurus meridionalis, such as printing disease, dermatomycosis and enteritis. In order to prevent printing diseases, water per cubic meter 1 g bleaching powder is used to splash the whole pool; To prevent dermatomycosis, sprinkle 400 grams of baking soda and 400 grams of salt on the whole pool water per cubic meter of water; To prevent and treat enteritis, the whole pool water was sprayed with 0.3 g of strong chlorine essence per cubic meter of water, and 100 g of Yubikang was added to 50 kg of feed for 3 consecutive days.
Current management
Give attention to both lotus root and fish, and adjust the water level reasonably. Usually, the water level of the big pond is kept at 30 ~ 50 cm, and the deep water level is not conducive to the photosynthesis and growth of lotus root.
Selecting high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides to control lotus root diseases and insect pests. Powder cake should be daubed with dew in the morning, and spunlace should be sprinkled on the stems and leaves of lotus root as much as possible to avoid falling directly into the water. When spraying pesticides, it is best to drive the fish to fish ditch and fish pit.
Fertilization should be based on base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing; Mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer.
Disease control of fish in pond
Disease control There are few diseases of Silurus meridionalis, which are mainly distributed as follows:
Rotiferosis: caused by rotifer parasitism. In the fingerling stage, the mixture of 0.5g copper sulfate and 0.2g ferrous sulfate can be used for the whole pond control, and the mixture of 0.5g copper sulfate and 0.2g ferrous sulfate can also be used for the control. Yukon? Type a insecticide? A fishnet? Dilute the whole pool according to the volume.
Third-generation worm disease: caused by third-generation worm infection. 25ppm potassium permanganate solution can be used to soak sick fish/kloc-0 for 0.5 ~ 30 minutes, or refer to the treatment method of rotifer.
Water mold: caused by water mold infection. Using quicklime to clean ponds, reducing daily operation injuries, proper density and consistent specifications are effective reasons for preventing diseases. After the onset, the sick fish can be soaked in 30% ~ 40% salt solution for 5 ~ 30 minutes for treatment.
Enteritis: caused by bacterial infection. The disease can be effectively prevented by feeding bait regularly and quantitatively, ensuring the quality of bait and gradually changing the variety of feed. Available after onset? Fish and mushrooms? 、? Fish must be healthy? 、? Fish fungus spirit? Such as antibacterial drugs to be treated or mixed with bait.
Gourd disease: parasitic on the epidermis of fish skin and gill, absorbing nutrients, causing tissue proliferation, forming pustules and producing a lot of mucus. When the infection is severe, pustules on the skin and cheeks will turn into many small white spots. When the disease is found, 0. 1ppm mercurous nitrate can be sprayed in the whole pool, which can be effectively killed at one time.
Cercospora: mainly parasitic on fish skin, followed by gills, tails, fins, and a few cysts. With the development of the disease, the number of cysts increased. If not treated in time, most fish will be infected. Can be disinfected with 15ppm formaldehyde solution.
Culture method of pond fish
Parent fish reproduction
It is best for farmers to breed pond fish by self-propagation and self-cultivation. Parent fish cultivation is the primary work of artificial reproduction.
Pond conditions. The parent fish pond generally covers an area of 35 ~ 350 square meters and the water depth is 1.0 ~ 1.5 meters. There is no need to lay cement on the bottom of the pond, but it should be inclined to the drainage place, so that all the water in the pond can be drained when cleaning. You can make several culverts in the corner or wall of the pool, or you can sink earth pipes or plastic hoses into the pool to facilitate drainage and capture. Water hyacinth and duckweed are planted in the pond. Half of the water surface prevents the water temperature from being too high in midsummer, keeps the water body properly dark, and quiets the living environment of the pond fish.
Parent fish selection. Generally, the maturity of women is 1 year, and that of men is 1.5 years. Therefore, it is appropriate to choose the parent fish of 1.5 ~ 2.0 years old, which is large and strong, weighing about 200 grams, harmless and disease-free. If conditions permit, it is best to cultivate males and females separately and put them in the parent fish pond 3 ~ 4 months before spawning.
Stock and management. The stocking density of parent fish is generally about 50 per square meter. Feeding small miscellaneous fish and shrimp, chicken, duck, fish and other animal viscera, as well as rice bran, wheat bran, bean cake, peanut cake and so on. After grinding, animal feed is mixed with plant feed, vitamin E and mineral trace elements. Knead into a ball. Hey. The daily feeding amount varies with water quality and climate change, generally 3% ~ 5% of the body weight of pond fish, but when the water quality deteriorates or the water temperature drops, the feeding must be reduced or stopped.
grow seedlings
Pond conditions Miao ponds are generally 20 ~ 100 square meters of soil ponds. The pond is surrounded by salon nets or plastic plates to prevent the enemy from invading, and the bottom of the pond is inclined to the drain, so that it can be completely drained when harvesting. Before planting seedlings, the bottom of the pool must be dried and submerged with fresh water, with a water depth of 20 ~ 30cm. Place a small plastic tube about 15cm long at the bottom of the pond for hiding and resting. Water lilies and duckweeds should be planted in the pond. No more than 1/2 of the total area.
On the fourth day, the fry stocked in the frame net of the fry incubator can be put into the fry pond for feeding. The stocking density is 800 ~ 1000 fish /m2. Rotifers and Daphnia are the best bait for early fry.
In order to meet the initial bait of fry, we can choose to breed Daphne in another pond 15 days before fry stocking. The method is: drain the pool water, expose to the sun, then add lime water and manure, and put the water in, the water depth is about 60 cm. About 2 weeks can make fleas multiply. 1 ~ 2 After the fry are fed, plankton such as Daphnia can be collected in the culture pond by hand to feed the fry. From the eighth day, earthworms, chopped shrimps and shellfish can be added. After 30 days, you can feed pig blood, miscellaneous fish sauce, chopped animal offal and some plant feeds such as rice bran, wheat bran and soybean powder. On the 40th day, fish can be sold as fingerlings or transferred to adult fish ponds with a body length of 3-5cm.
The value of pond fish
economic value
The meat is tender and delicious, rich in nutrition and has certain medicinal value. It has the effects of enriching blood, nourishing kidney, regulating middle energizer and nourishing yin, so it is regarded as a good nourishing product, a common edible fish in South China and an important species exported to Hong Kong and Macao. Breeding Silurus meridionalis has the advantages of fast growth, strong disease resistance, high yield and high economic benefits.
Therapeutic value
Flesh of catfish of the family Catfish. Bearded catfish is also called hornfish, dark turtle, pond fish and bearded catfish. Mainly distributed in rivers and lakes in the south of China. After obtaining, remove fins and internal organs, and use after washing. Sweet, flat. It can invigorate the spleen, invigorate qi, tonify kidney and strengthen yang. Used for weak body and infantile malnutrition; Jaundice and chronic hepatitis; Epistaxis, stop flowing, year after year. Commonly used lotus seeds, mung beans, jujube and the like. In addition, it is also used for liver and kidney deficiency, waist and knee pain and impotence. Its meat is tender and delicious, and it can be fried in soup or porridge.
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that Silurus beardus is sweet and warm, and has the effects of nourishing Yiyang, facilitating urination and treating edema.
Catfish is rich in nutrition. Every 100g fish contains 64. 1g and protein 14.4g, and contains various minerals and trace elements. It is especially suitable for people who are weak, sick and malnourished.
Catfish roe is inedible except for its bad taste. Catfish is a valuable nutrient, which has been recorded in history books for a long time, and can be compared with shark's fin and wild turtle. Its dietotherapy and medicinal value is not possessed by other fish, and its unique function of strengthening bones and prolonging life is its unique highlight.
The bearded catfish has less thorns and more meat, tender meat and high nutritional value. Has the effects of nourishing, astringing muscles and promoting blood circulation, and can be used for treating malnutrition in children, amenorrhea in women and asthma.
Tangjiao fish is popular because of its tender meat, delicious taste, less muscle spurs and rich nutrition. At the same time, it also has the effects of astringing muscles and healing wounds, and can be used as a nourishing product for postoperative patients.
Culturing pond horn fish has the characteristics of low investment and simple technology, and pond horn fish has fast growth speed, high population yield, hypoxia tolerance and can be cultured in high density.