7 1. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan competed for the world. Since then, various wars have taken place, including the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling. The final result is a tripartite confrontation, known as the Three Kingdoms in history (220-280 AD).
72. During the Three Kingdoms period, there were several famous figures in history, such as Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, the incarnation of wisdom, and Guan Yu, a loyal hero. They were revered by China people in later generations.
Ge Hong, an alchemist in Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420), learned about the properties of some minerals and summarized a lot of chemical knowledge in the process of smelting various minerals. His book Bao Puzi is an important work of primitive chemistry.
74. Water Mirror is a monograph on river science by Sangqin in Han Dynasty, but it is too simple and has some omissions. In the Northern Dynasties (AD 386-58 1 year), Li Daoyuan took this book as the key link, made detailed comments, and named it Zhu.
75. Water Mirror Notes describe 65,438+0,252 waterways and rivers, including many historical events, figures, legends and myths, cultural relics and stone tablets. With 300,000 words, the book is a comprehensive geographical masterpiece.
Preface to Lanting Collection (copy)
76. Wang Xizhi was an outstanding calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 3 17-420). It is said that he used to write in the pool when he was young, so he washed the inkstone in the pool and washed the water in the pool completely black. Therefore, he is called "Mo Chi", and there are many related places of interest, especially Lanting in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
77. On the third day of March in 53 AD, Wang Xizhi and others drank wine and wrote poems in Lanting, and more than 40 masterpieces were compiled into an episode. Wang Xizhi personally wrote a preface called Preface to Lanting (right), which is a masterpiece of China's calligraphy. The real thing is lost.
78. The manufacturing process of porcelain is complicated, so porcelain appeared later than pottery. Primitive celadon only existed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. After a long development process, by the late Eastern Han Dynasty, China had been able to produce a large number of celadon with fine tires and bright colors. During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, celadon produced by Yueyao in the south was the most famous.
In the nearly 400 years since the Three Kingdoms and the State of Wu, six dynasties established their capitals in Nanjing, which was later called "the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties".
80. Liu Hui, a great mathematician in the Three Kingdoms period, first put forward the calculation method of pi, that is, the "cyclotomic method". Starting from the regular polygon inscribed in the circle, he obtained the approximate value of pi as 3. 14 159.
8 1, Zu Chongzhi, a mathematician in the Southern Dynasties, concluded that the pi of seven digits after the decimal point was between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. This is more than 1000 years before European mathematicians calculate pi with the same accuracy.
82. After four or five hundred years of war, the Sui Dynasty was established in 58 1, and China was unified by Emperor Wendi in 589.
83. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was a wise king. He tried to run the country well. More than ten years have passed, and the treasuries all over the country are full, and there is no place to accommodate food, cloth and silk. Therefore, the laws and regulations of the Sui Dynasty were later inherited in the Tang Dynasty, and some of them were still used by future generations for a long time.
84. The imperial examination system was established in the Sui Dynasty, and later the Jinshi branch was established. "Imperial Examination" refers to imperial examiners and "Jinshi" refers to Jinshi. The imperial examination system established in the Sui Dynasty lasted for more than 1000 years and did not end until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
85. During the Sui Dynasty, the economic center of China began to move southward, and a large amount of food wealth was transported from the south to the whole country. Therefore, in 605 AD, Emperor Yang Di ordered the construction of the Grand Canal running through the north and south.
86. The Grand Canal, with Luoyang as the center, reaches Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the south and Zhuo Jun (now Tongxian, Beijing) in the north, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. Embankment along the river and plant willows.
Statue of Li Shimin
87. The Zhao Zhouqiao (formerly known as Anji Bridge) built by Li Chun, a craftsman of Sui Dynasty, is the most famous stone arch bridge in China history and the oldest stone arch bridge in the world. The single-hole arch span of this bridge is 37.37 meters, which is completely built of stones.
In 88.6 18, the Tang dynasty was established (6 18-907). In 626, Li Shimin succeeded to the throne as Emperor Taizong (left). Emperor Taizong paid great attention to pacifying the people. He often quoted the words of ancient Xunzi: "A monarch is a boat. Shu Ren, water also. Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it, so as to alert yourself and warn court officials.
89. Among the emperors in the history of China, Emperor Taizong was the best at listening to advice. He encouraged his deputies to speak out and protest, and he was always able to beat the impressionable.
90. Wei Zhi was a famous minister in the early Tang Dynasty. He often said: "Everything is clear when it is heard, and eccentricity is dark." . He argued with the emperor more than 200 times in his life.
9 1. After Wei Zhi died, Emperor Taizong deeply regretted it. He said: "with copper as a mirror, you can dress;" Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. Wei Zhi didn't, I died a mirror! "
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty Li Longji
92. Li Longji (right), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was the most prosperous period in the ancient history of China during the Kaiyuan period (7 13-74 1), which was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" in history. At that time, the capital Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) had a population of one million, and there were tens of thousands of envoys, businessmen and overseas students from various countries. The accumulation of exotic things in all directions is extremely prosperous and rich.
93. In the Tang Dynasty, the Urban Shipping Department was established in Guangzhou (its chief is called the Urban Shipping Ambassador), which specializes in overseas trade.
94. Since the Tang Dynasty, many businessmen from the southeast coast have set sail for the sea. Every September1October, they go south to Southeast Asian countries to do business in the northeast monsoon, and then "return to Tangshan" with the southeast monsoon in March and April of the following year. These "Tang people" who lived in Tibet and immigrated to Southeast Asia became the earliest overseas Chinese.
95. After the Tang Dynasty, many countries called China people and overseas Chinese in the prosperous Tang Dynasty "Tangren", and the place where they lived together became Chinatown.
96. There were many talented people in the Tang Dynasty, and there were even more indomitable people who sacrificed their lives for righteousness. Celebrities such as Xuanzang walked alone in Tianzhu (India) to learn the scriptures, crossed the desert, climbed the snow-capped mountains and mountains, and ran into the Lin Mang swamp, which lasted 19 years and traveled 50,000 miles.
97. In the early days of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, monk Jian Zhen was defeated for crossing the sea by boat five times, but survived several times. After 12 years of suffering, although I was blind, my belief remained unchanged. He finally succeeded in crossing the sea six times and became a master in Japan.
98. In the fifteenth year of Tang Zhenguan, Princess Wencheng married into Tibet, bringing many craftsmen, skills, classics and species, which played a positive role in the development of Tibet.
99. Wu Zetian was the only female emperor in the history of China. She changed her country name to "Zhou". Wu Zetian is rich in power and can use people. She has been in power for more than 40 years. After her death, Tang Zhongzong was reset.
Tang tricolor dragon ear bottle
100. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong was politically clear and appointed sages, which was called Kaiyuan Shengshi. However, in her later years, Yang Guifei was spoiled, which led to the "Anshi Rebellion" and the fall of Chang 'an. Since then, the Tang Dynasty has declined from prosperity to decline.
10 1. Painted pottery of blue, green and Huang San was burned by craftsmen in the Tang Dynasty, so it was called Tang Sancai (left). Tang Sancai's works are mostly figures or animal figurines, all of which are lifelike and lifelike, and they are art treasures.
102. The style of painting in the Tang Dynasty paid great attention to the change of lines. Whether it is a common thing, a flying fairy in the clouds, or a geisha playing the lute, it gives people the aesthetic feeling of "the wind is flying in the sky and the walls are full of wind" and "the roots are strong".
103, the most accomplished astronomer in the Tang Dynasty was Monk and his party (formerly known as Zhang Sui). Through observation, he confirmed that the speed of the sun is uneven, fast and slow. The monk and his party also measured the meridian length on a large scale, which is the first time in the world.
104. There are "six ancient capitals" in the ancient history of China. They are Xi 'an in Shaanxi, Luoyang in Henan, Nanjing and Beijing in Jiangsu (the above four places are the capitals of many dynasties), Kaifeng in Henan and Hangzhou in Zhejiang (the capitals of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty respectively).
105. During the Tang Dynasty, China was the most advanced country in the East. The Japanese have sent more than ten groups of Tang envoys to study in China, with a number of 500 to 600. After returning to China, these Japanese envoys actively spread China's social system and culture, and promoted the friendly relations and cultural exchanges between China and Japan.
In A.D. 106 and 907, Zhu Wen abolished the emperor of the Tang Dynasty and established the Liang Dynasty, which was called Houliang in history. In the following 50 years, Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Friday Dynasty successively ruled the Yellow River Basin, collectively known as the Five Dynasties (907-960 AD). During the same period, there were various places in the south and Shanxi in the north, and a total of 10 was divided into political power, which was collectively called ten countries. By 960 AD, the Song Dynasty was established, and the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries ended.
In A.D. 107 and 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the latter Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi (now the northeast of Kaifeng, Henan). His men dressed him in a yellow robe and made him emperor, with the title of "Song" and Kaifeng as its capital, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 960- 1 127). Zhao Kuangyin is Song Taizu.
108. In order to consolidate its rule, Song Taizu adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Zhao Pu and strengthened centralization. He held a banquet to relieve Shi Shouxin and others of their military power. This is the famous "relieving the soldiers with a glass of wine" in history.
109, Wang Anshi was a famous writer and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. After he was appointed as prime minister by Song Shenzong, he carried out political reform and reorganized finance and military affairs, which was called "Wang Anshi's political reform". Later, due to the strong opposition of Sima Guang and others, the political reform ended in less than ten years.
1 10, Bao Zheng, an official in the Northern Song Dynasty, was an upright official. People regard him as a typical honest official, and respectfully call him, or Bao. China has many touching stories about Bao Gong, expressing people's admiration for him.
1 1 1 During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Buddhism prevailed everywhere. During the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu ordered the carving of the Tripitaka, which was the first large-scale printing of Buddhist scriptures in the history of China.
1 12. Science and technology in ancient China were quite developed. Gunpowder, papermaking, printing and compass are called four great inventions of ancient china.
1 13, Shen Kuo was a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, who was very proficient in astronomy, calendar, music, medicine and mathematics. He recorded his rich research results in On Meng Xi. In addition, he also recorded many inventions of working people at that time, such as movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng.
1 14. The invention and popularization of printing is known as the mother of world civilization. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing on the basis of block printing, which greatly improved the printing efficiency. About 200 years later, this technology spread to other countries and promoted the development of world civilization.
1 15. The invention of gunpowder is closely related to alchemy in ancient China. Because of its strong lethality, gunpowder was widely used in the military at the end of the Tang Dynasty. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder technology was greatly improved. Later, the manufacturing method of gunpowder spread to Arabia, and from Arabia to European countries.
China invented the compass long ago. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people invented a compass suitable for navigation, which pushed the navigation career to a new era. During this period, China's shipbuilding technology was also the most advanced in the world.
1 17, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron and other mineral deposits were mined during the Northern Song Dynasty. Copper coins were the standard currency at that time, and the amount of casting was very large. Today, they have been unearthed in vast areas as far east as Japan and west as Europe and Africa.
1 18, the porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty was very developed. There are many kinds of porcelain in Song Dynasty, with exquisite designs, and a large number of them are exported overseas. Jingdezhen in Jiangxi has become a famous porcelain capital in China.
1 19. In the Song Dynasty, the main currencies circulating in the market were copper coins, iron coins and gold and silver. For the convenience of carrying, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan in the early Northern Song Dynasty, which was the earliest paper money in the world. The use of paper money provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity.
Sima guang statue
120, the Song Dynasty made outstanding achievements in acupuncture and forensic medicine. Yi Yuan Ji is the first systematic work of forensic medicine in China, which is more than 300 years earlier than similar works in the West.
12 1 and Sima Guang (right) are famous historians in the Northern Song Dynasty. It took him 19 years to compile Zi Tongzhi Jian, which is a well-known chronological general history, covering more than 300 years from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties19.
122. At the end of the Song Dynasty, a group of people led by Song Jiang revolted in Liangshan, Shandong. Later, The Water Margin, one of China's classical Four Great Classical Novels, was written under this background.
123. During the Song Dynasty, some regimes established by other nationalities appeared in China, such as Liao established by Qidan, Jin established by Jurchen nationality and Xixia established by Tangut. In A.D. 1 127, the Jin army attacked Kaifeng and captured the Northern Song emperors Song Huizong and Song Qinzong. Zhao Gou, another son of Hui Zong, proclaimed himself emperor. He fled to the south and established political power in Hangzhou, becoming the Southern Song Dynasty in history (A.D. 1 127- 1279).
124, Yue Fei was a famous gold fighter in the Southern Song Dynasty. He led the army to the north to recover the territory of Song State occupied by Jin Jun, but was killed by others on trumped-up charges. Yue Fei was buried by the West Lake in Hangzhou. In order to commemorate him, later generations put a kneeling statue of Qin Gui and others cast with pig iron in front of his grave, expressing their strong hatred for the traitor.
125, 127 1 year. After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, he attacked the Southern Song Dynasty on a large scale. Wen Tianxiang, a famous soldier in the Southern Song Dynasty, organized military and civilian resistance and was captured after his failure. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty used various methods to persuade him to surrender. He would rather die than surrender, and wrote poems such as Song Zhengqi and Crossing the Ocean, which showed indomitable national integrity. The phrase "Who has never died in life since ancient times? In Zero Zero and Ding Yang, "Keep the heart of Dan and shine on history" has become a famous saying throughout the ages.
Kublai
126, Mongolian is an ancient nationality in northern China. At the end of 12, Temujin unified the Mongolian ministries after more than ten years of war. 1206 was elected as the Great Khan of Mongolia, honorably called "Genghis Khan", which means "a powerful monarch".
127, Kublai Khan (left) is the grandson of Genghis Khan. 127 1 year established the Yuan Dynasty (A.D.1271-1368), which was called Yuan Shizu. During and after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, a large-scale land expansion war was launched, which spread westward to the Danube River basin in Europe and had a great impact on the development of world history.
128. In the history of China, the territory of the Yuan Dynasty was larger than that of any previous dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty practiced the provincial system and effectively ruled the whole country. Most of the capitals of the Yuan Dynasty were world-famous commercial centers, and most of them were now Beijing in China.
129, in the middle and late Yuan Dynasty, cotton was widely planted all over the country, and the cotton textile industry was developed. Cotton cloth became the main material of Jiangnan people, which was an important event in China's ancient economic life. In Yuan Dynasty, Huang Daopo promoted the advanced cotton textile technology of Li nationality, which made great contributions to the development of cotton textile industry.
130 During the Yuan Dynasty, there were frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries. Kyle Polo, a famous Italian traveler, wrote a book "Travels of Marco Polo", which vividly described the prosperity of metropolis, Hangzhou and other cities and inspired Europeans' yearning for China.
13 1. During the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of Persians and Arabs who believed in Islam moved to China. They lived together with the Han, Mongolian, Uygur and other ethnic groups for a long time and merged with each other, and began to form a new ethnic Hui.
132, the Yuan Dynasty had trade with many countries and regions. Quanzhou, Fujian Province was the largest port in Yuan Dynasty, and it was ranked as the largest port in the world along with Alexandria, Egypt. There are many Erythrina trees growing in Quanzhou, so it is famous as Erythrina City.
133, 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang led a peasant uprising, overthrew the Yuan regime and established the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368- 1644), with Zhu Yuanzhang as Ming Taizu. Nanjing was the capital in the early Ming Dynasty. Later, Ming Chengzu moved to Beijing.
Model of Zheng He's Treasure Ship to the West.
During the nearly 30 years from 134, 1405 to 1433, Zheng He's fleet made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, reaching more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa. Zheng He's treasure ship model (right)
135, 14 17, King Sulu (now the Philippines) led more than 300 people to China and died in Shandong on his way home. Ming Chengzu held a grand funeral for him. After the Ming Dynasty, China repaired Sulu Mausoleum many times to express China's condolences to the Philippine friendly envoy.
136. During the Ming Dynasty, Japanese pirates often harassed the southeast coast of China. They colluded with local tyrants and profiteers in the Ming Dynasty, plundered property everywhere and covered their mouths, which did great harm to the coastal areas of China. These robbers are called "Japanese pirates". Qi Jiguang, the general of the Ming Dynasty, organized an army to defeat the enemy. 1565, Qi Jiguang and Yu joined hands to wipe out the Japanese invaders who had been rampant for more than a hundred years.
137. In the late Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng and Gao Panlong gave lectures at Donglin College in Wuxi, Jiangsu. They often talk about state affairs in the academy and attack those in power. These people are called the Lindong Party. At that time, the dictatorship of the great eunuch Wei Zhongxian was dangerous and cruel, and Lindong party member was not afraid of persecution. They denounced Wei Zhongxian and others as "eunuchs" and waged an indomitable struggle against them.
Inside page of Yongle ceremony
138, the Ming dynasty stipulated that the imperial examination system was used to select officials. The government stipulates that the imperial examination can only be put forward within the scope of the four books and five classics, and candidates cannot have personal opinions. Style should be mechanically divided into eight parts, called "eight-part essay".
139. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Jie Jin and other 3000 people were selected by Ming Chengzu to compile "Yongle Grand Ceremony" (left), with the volume of *** 1 10095, which included 7000 kinds of books, the most of its kind in China. This book has been copied into two parts. The original was later burned, and the replica was burned and looted twice in 1860 when British and French troops invaded Beijing and 1900 when Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing. At present, there are only over 300 copies left.