How to design and make handwritten newspapers can be described from these three aspects:
First, the steps of beautification and design;
The second is the performance of header, illustration and tail flower;
Third, edit and copy the production process.
First, beautification and design
The beautification design of handwritten newspaper mainly includes: layout design and header, title flower, illustration, tail flower and lace design.
1, layout design
Layout design is an important link in making a good handwritten newspaper.
To design a good layout, we must pay attention to the following points:
(1) Make clear what is the main content of this issue's handwritten newspaper, and choose a meaningful header (i.e. registration). Generally, the header should be designed in the most eye-catching position;
(2) Read through the edited or written article and calculate its word count, and edit it according to the content and length of the article (that is, typesetting). Generally, important articles are placed in a prominent position (that is, on the front page);
(3) pay attention to the combination of long and short articles interspersed with horizontal and vertical rows to make the layout clean and lively;
(4) attention should also be paid to typesetting: the arrangement of words should be mainly horizontal and supplemented by vertical, the line spacing should be greater than the word spacing, there should be gaps between articles, there should be gaps between articles and edges, and there should be about 3CM blank edges around the paper. In addition, newspapers should always be kept clean and tidy.
2. Header
Headlines play a direct role, which must closely match the theme and vividly reflect the main ideas of handwritten newspapers. Registration should have a positive, healthy and meaningful name.
Headers are generally determined by theme graphics, header text and geometric color blocks or laces, or serious or lively, or square or round, or elegant or colorful.
Header design should pay attention to:
(1) The composition should be stable, the picture structure should be compact, the header design and expression should be concise, and the theme of handwritten newspaper should be reflected at a glance;
(2) its characters should be large, with lines or letters, or color or black and white;
(3) There are several design schemes for its position: first, if the typesetting design is two pages, it should be placed at the upper right; Second, if the typesetting design is full-page, it can be in the middle, on the left or on the right. Generally, it is designed at the upper part of the page, not at the lower end.
3. Title
The title (that is, the title flower) is usually in front of the article or combined with the title picture of the article. When designing the title, pay attention to the title text, which is slightly larger. Decorative graphics should be based on the content and layout of the article. The title of the article should be smaller than the title, but larger than the body. In short, we should pay attention to clear priorities.
4. Illustrations and codices
Illustration is designed according to the needs of content and layout decoration. Good illustrations can beautify the layout and help readers understand the content of the article. Don't occupy too big a position in illustrations and credits, it is easy to appear empty and messy. Tail flowers are mostly designed for the needs of page beautification, mostly flowers or geometric patterns. Illustrations and transcripts are not necessary for all articles. The more the better, the more the better.
5.shoelaces
Lace is indispensable in handwritten newspapers. Some headers and headers can be designed with lace; Important articles are framed with lace; Articles can also be separated by lace; Some whole pages can also be separated up and down or left and right with lace. In the use of lace, straight lines or wavy lines are often used.
Second, the head painting, illustration, the end of the flower expression.
The expressions of head painting, illustration and tail painting can be roughly divided into line drawing and color block painting.
1, draw a line
It requires concise and general images, accurate lines and clear focus. Pay attention to some steps when painting:
(1) generally sketch the main line-determine the angle, direction and size;
(2) Draw the scale, structure and perspective related to the diagram;
(3) Describe the details, and draw the rhythm changes of lines in combination with body structure, composition and color;
(4) Finally, arrange them to make the picture complete and unified.
2. Color block painting
In addition to accurate modeling, we should also be good at dealing with the collocation and change relationship of color blocks, which should be handled from the needs of the object to make the layout colorful. When drawing, you can draw a pencil draft first (modeling is as accurate as possible), and then evenly apply large color blocks; Details after characterization; Finally, it is trimmed to make it more unified and perfect.
Line drawing and color block drawing are usually used at the same time, which can be multicolored or monochrome. Whether it's line drawing or color block drawing, it's best not to draw only with a pencil. Graphics or text on a page cannot be cut and pasted.
Third, the compilation and drawing steps of handwritten newspaper
Editing and drawing is an important step from conception to concrete completion.
There are two steps: one is the preparation stage, and the other is the preparation stage.
1, preparation stage.
Mainly the preparation of various materials and tools. Specifically, it includes: drafting the registration of the current handwritten newspaper; Prepare a blank sheet of paper (the size depends on the need, such as half-open, four-open, eight-open, etc.). The handwritten newspaper competition organized by the Political and Educational Affairs Office is required to be the size of Jiangxi Daily, that is, half open); Edit and write relevant written materials (prepare more articles); Writing and drawing tools, etc.
2. Preparation stage.
This stage is the main process of making handwritten newspapers. Roughly: layout design, copying process, beautification process.
(1) Layout design: typesetting according to the length of the article, and drawing a grid or grid line (generally sketched with a pencil, and handwritten newspaper can be erased or not).
(2) Copying process: refers to the writing of articles. Handwritten newspaper paper is mostly white, and carbon ink should be used for writing; Font should be running script and regular script, less cursive script and seal script; The size of the words should be moderate (in line with the usual reading habits). Don't be afraid if the handwriting is not very good. The key is to write neatly. In addition, typos are not allowed in articles or titles.
(3) Beautifying process: After copying the article, you can draw illustrations, tail flowers and lace (it is not advisable to copy illustrations first) to beautify the whole layout. This process is the key to the layout effect of handwritten newspaper.
The handwritten newspaper can be in black and white or in color. It can be comprehensive or thematic. The design requirements and steps of handwritten newspaper and blackboard newspaper are basically the same. Make handwritten newspaper pictures
/Banzhuren/Bangbao/Shuocaobao /2007 10/ Banzhuren _ 32763.html I. Curriculum Standards
Understand the historical facts such as the establishment of the cabinet in the Ming Dynasty and the Ministry of War in the Qing Dynasty, and understand the influence of the strengthening of the autocratic monarchy on the social development of China.
Second, the teaching objectives
[Knowledge and ability]
1, the waste province has three divisions; The abolition of the prime minister is divided into six parts.
2. Remember the political system changes in the early Qing Dynasty; The establishment of the military department.
3. Understand the formation and development of cabinet system in Ming Dynasty.
4. Understand the difference between cabinet system and prime minister system.
5. Understand the basic concepts of China's ancient political system: Cabinet and Military Department, and analyze and evaluate them in combination with the specific historical background and historical stage characteristics, so as to cultivate students' dialectical thinking ability.
6. Multi-angle analysis of the influence of centralization in Ming and Qing Dynasties to strengthen and improve absolutism on China's social development, and cultivate students' ability to analyze historical issues with historical materialism.
7. Grasp the evolution trend of China's ancient political system and its positive effect on the society at that time.
[Process and method]
1, guide students to read textbooks and gradually master the methods of reading historical materials.
2. By comparing the differences between cabinet system and prime minister system, master the methods of comparative analysis of historical issues.
[Emotional attitudes and values]
1. Through learning this lesson, I realized that the strengthening of the autocratic monarchy system in Ming and Qing Dynasties not only contributed to the consolidation of a multi-ethnic country, but also brought serious negative effects and hindered the progress of China society.
2. Through the study of this lesson, I realized that the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties was one of the reasons why China was backward and invaded in modern times, which encouraged students to work hard for the prosperity of the motherland and cultivated their patriotism.
Third, teaching material analysis
Authoritarianism centralization is the dominant political system in China feudal society. This system developed continuously in Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, and reached its peak in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming dynasty, the abolition of books saved the prime minister, and the cabinet system was the central auxiliary government agency; In Qing Dynasty, the Cabinet and the Military Department were the central auxiliary administrative organs to assist the emperor in handling military affairs. The Six Departments of Ming and Qing Dynasties are central government departments, responsible for state affairs and directly under the emperor. The integration of imperial power and relative power made the imperial power reach its peak, and also made China lag far behind the western countries in politics.
Emphasis: Measures to strengthen absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Difficulties: the difference between cabinet system and prime minister system; The influence of strengthening absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing dynasties
Fourth, teaching methods.
1, according to the curriculum standards and relying on the teaching materials, add, take, discard and integrate the teaching materials appropriately.
2. The narrative content of the textbook is clear, which can be briefly described, focusing on students' reading.
3. Cultivate students to learn and use historical materials. Materials include historical materials and current affairs materials added by the teacher according to the theme, as well as various pictures. It is hoped that in the process of studying historical materials, students will further realize that historical materials are an important way to understand history and know how to use what they have learned to analyze materials.
4. Constantly temper historical thinking in communication. For example, students discuss the question: "The influence of authoritarian centralization in the history of China is enormous. Can you objectively evaluate it with historical facts? " Wait a minute.
Preparation of teaching AIDS for verbs (abbreviation of verb)
multimedia courseware
Sixth, the teaching process.
[import]
Courseware display: (create problem situations to stimulate interest in learning)
1. Why did China's prime minister system, which lasted for more than 1000 years, be abolished in the Ming Dynasty? What kind of influence has it had?
After the abolition of the Prime Minister in the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu deeply felt that "one person can rule the world without an assistant minister?" What measures did he take to this end? What system was formed later?
What is the essential difference compared with the prime minister system?
3. The establishment of Yong Zhengdi Military Department in Qing Dynasty meant that the absolute monarchy reached its peak. How to understand this?
4. What influence did the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties have on the development of China's history? Let students know the position of Ming and Qing Dynasties in China history and the far-reaching influence of their political system on the historical development of China from a higher perspective. )
[teaching new lessons]
Thinking: Why did the Ming and Qing Dynasties strengthen the absolute monarchy as never before?
Background: The feudal society in China began to enter the later period, the ruling class became more decadent and social contradictions became more acute.
Objective: To stabilize and consolidate the feudal rule.
First, the Ming Dynasty: the strengthening of absolute monarchy
Ask a classmate to sum up what measures Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, took to strengthen centralization.
Measures of Ming dynasty
At the local level, Ming Taizu has abolished the Ministry of Books and set up three departments (Chief Secretary, General Command and Provincial Justice Department) to be responsible for local administration, military affairs and supervision, which are subordinate to the Central Department.
In the central government, the system of "Zhongshu Province" and "Prime Minister" (borrowing the power of Prime Minister Hu) was abolished, and the power was divided into six parts.
(Display material:)
Later generations became emperors, and no prime minister was allowed. If my lieutenant dares to invite them to play, the civil and military officials will play illegally at once, and all the prisoners will be executed.
-Ming Taizu's "The First Chapter of Ming Chengzu Xun"
All my children and grandchildren are obedient to my life, and those who are not smart have become laws, and I can't change a word.
-Ming Taizu "Ming Zuxun emperor? foreword
Please think about it: How do you think this regulation in Ming Taizu should be evaluated? State your reasons.
(Please also contact P 17 "Historical Vision")
Commentary: This is the famous "Hu case" in history. The prime minister can play a dual role in the centralization of feudal society in China: he can assist the emperor, help him handle government affairs and make confidential decisions; It may also threaten the monarchy because of excessive power, leading to profound contradictions between the monarch and the minister. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang's prime minister Hu was the latter. From here, we can also understand why Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to abolish the Chinese book province and the prime minister, which actually concentrated the central power on the emperor. In the history of China, the prime minister system that had been implemented for more than 500 years was finally abolished, and the autocratic imperial power reached its peak.
As we have said, the prime minister has a positive role in assisting the emperor, participating in decision-making and separating government. Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister system in order to solve the contradiction between monarch and minister once and for all. But after the waste phase, its positive effect naturally disappeared. What are the consequences of this?
All state affairs must be handled by Ming Taizu alone. These are military affairs, and there can be no negligence. As we mentioned in the text, Ming Taizu corrected more than 200 complaints and handled more than 400 state affairs every day within eight days. He doesn't have so much energy to deal with so many national affairs. Therefore, he established the Diange University as his entourage adviser to establish the cabinet system.
(Print out the form)
The establishment and evolution of cabinet in Ming dynasty;
Characteristics of period names and permissions
During the Ming Taizu period, Diange University was only set up as an adviser and associate professor of the emperor, with a lower rank and did not participate in decision-making.
During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, the cabinet was established, participated in military affairs discussions, and its status gradually rose, with special offices and subordinate officials.
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, the "draft" to deal with the opinions of the ruling and opposition parties became more important, and the six ministries almost became subordinate institutions of the cabinet.
Through the window of study and the difference between the prime minister system and the cabinet system, students can better understand the cabinet system.
P 18 window of learning and thinking
Some scholars, taking Zhang as an example, think that the cabinet records in Ming Dynasty are prime ministers. Do you think this view is correct?
At the same time, a historical data is given:
In the Ming dynasty, the country did not formally take power with cabinet ministers, and those who played with cabinet ministers could not help but gain power by shady means. This is a "power minister", not a "minister". Therefore, although it is like Zhang's fame and fortune, it has its decline and disadvantages, because there are several capable ministers in the Ming Dynasty, and it can't escape the public discussion. -Qian Mu's Outline of National History
Thinking: What is the difference between the prime minister system and the cabinet system?
From the previous study, we can know that under the prime minister system, the prime minister is endowed with decision-making power by the system and his position is very stable. Qian Mu is a famous historian in China. In the Outline of National History, he said, "The country is not officially ruled by cabinet ministers, and those who play power with cabinet ministers will inevitably get it by shady means." He told us that the cabinet was only an advisory body of the emperor's attendants and had no decision-making power itself. Although there is a phenomenon that the cabinet university is in power, its power comes not from the system and position, but from the personal support and trust of the supreme ruler. Once out of favor, their status will plummet. Therefore, although some people think that the record of the Ming Dynasty is a disguised reset of the prime minister, their power is not the same as that of the previous prime minister, let alone restricting the imperial power. It can be seen that the cabinet system and the prime minister system are different. Cabinet system is the product of the strengthening of autocratic monarchy, and it is impossible to really restrict imperial power. )
Although the Ming Dynasty strengthened the absolute monarchy, it was inevitably overthrown by the peasant uprising and replaced by the Qing Dynasty. Which nationality is the main body of the Qing Dynasty? The Qing Dynasty was established with Manchu nobles as the main body and followed the autocratic monarchy system, which reached its peak on the basis of the Ming Dynasty. Let's take a look at how the absolute monarchy of the Qing Dynasty reached its peak step by step.
Second, the absolute monarchy reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty.
Role-playing, with the teacher as Huang Taiji, introduces students to some situations when they are in power. I (Huang taiji) set up the cabinet mainly to imitate the system of the Ming Dynasty, but the cabinet was mainly responsible for drafting the throne and had no real power. The central administrative organizations that played a major role at that time were the Council of Ministers and the Council of Ministers. Whenever there is a meeting, I will call the owners of the Eight Banners to discuss military issues. But at this meeting, many things are decided by the Eight Banners, and I can't do it alone. So, I think my imperial power is still limited. Although I am the emperor, I still have to listen to the decision made at Wang's meeting. Next, students will play Kangxi and Yong Zhengdi, and introduce some information about administration to students.
According to the students' answers, the teacher makes a summary. )
Nurhachi ordered the Eight Banners to govern the country.
Huang taiji set up Wang to discuss military affairs; Set up a cabinet and six departments to draft documents.
Emperor Kangxi set up the south study room, selected a bachelor's degree from imperial academy, participated in the maintenance and drafted the edict. The Cabinet, the King's Conference and the South School are three pillars, which restrict each other.
Yong Zhengdi set up a military department, elected officials closely related to Manchu and Han as military ministers, discussed military affairs, and knelt down to accept written orders. Wang Zhihui, the south study room existed in name only (later revoked), the cabinet also existed in name only, and the absolute monarchy reached its peak.
Brief introduction of military departments (using illustrations and P 19 materials)
Yongzheng years, in the northwest. On the grounds that the cabinet was outside the Taihe Gate, he was worried about the disclosure of secrets, so he set up a quartermaster room in Longzongmen. Three years later, it was renamed the Military Department. The biggest feature of the military department can be summarized in three words: simple, fast and confidential. Jane is a very simple organization employee, unlike a cabinet employee. No more than thirty or forty people work in the military department. Speed means efficiency. Everything in the military department is handled by the minister and Zhang Jing. The emperor has a purpose to undertake at any time, and it must be completed on the same day. There is also a system of "mailing", which is directly distributed by the Ministry of War. It uses "flying at once", with a daily journey of 300 miles, or marked with a journey of 45600 miles, which reduces many intermediate links and speeds up the work. Finally, it is a secret. The military headquarters is located in the Imperial Palace, and there is little external interference. Foreign officials are not allowed to enter. When the emperor summoned the minister of military affairs, even eunuchs were not allowed to be by. Most importantly, in the military department, military affairs are completely decided by the emperor, and the role of the military affairs minister is only to upload and issue orders. The military and political power was completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor, so the absolute monarchy developed to the extreme.
Why did the absolute monarchy reach its peak with the establishment of the military department?
Commentary: Let's recall that in the Qin Dynasty, the three fairs headed by the prime minister presided over the highest government affairs of the country. In the Han dynasty, the emperor appointed attendants, secretaries and other aides around him to form a "China-DPRK" decision-making body to counter the "foreign Korea" composed of three officials and nine ministers headed by the prime minister. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the prime minister was executed by the governors of the three provinces and many others, so the power of the prime minister was scattered among many people. The Ming dynasty abolished the prime minister and established a cabinet. However, the power of cabinet ministers depends entirely on the trust and support of the emperor. Then in the Qing Dynasty, the military ministers of the military departments became 100% tools of the emperor's dictatorship, and the military ministers only obeyed the emperor's orders. Their role is only to upload and give orders, and they will do whatever the emperor says. Power is completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor, and everything is decided by the emperor. Then through the comparison with the previous dynasties, we can see that the imperial power was strengthened step by step, and in the Qing Dynasty, the absolute monarchy reached its peak.
I hope I can help you!