Chapter I Periodic Law of Material Structure Elements 5

Section 1 Atomic Structure 5

I. Atomic composition 5

Two. Isotope 6

Three. Arrangement of extranuclear electrons

Periodic Law of Elements Section II Periodic Table of Elements 10

I. Periodic Law of Elements 10

Two. Periodic table of elements 12

Chemical bonds in the third quarter 17

I ionic bond 17

Second, * * * valence bond 18

Three. Metal bond 2 1

Summary of this chapter 2 1

Application of radioisotopes in reading materials 23

Exercise 25

Chapter II Quantity of Matter 26

Section 1 Quantity of Substance 26

A, the amount of material and its unit-molar 26

Second, the molar mass is 27.

Three. Calculation of the quantity of substances 28

The molar volume of gas in the second quarter 29

I. Molar volume of gas 29

Second, the calculation of gas molar volume 30

In the third section, the concentration of the substance is 3 1.

First, the concentration of the substance is 3 1.

Two. Calculate the quantity and concentration of related substances 32

The fourth quarter, the calculation of chemical equation 33

I. Chemical Equation 33

Second, according to the calculation of chemical equation 34.

Chapter 35 Overview

The unit of the amount of substance in reading materials-Molar 37

Reading Material Two Nano-materials 37

Exercise 39

Chapter III Common Metal Elements and Their Compounds 4 1

Section 1 Sodium and its compound 4 1

I. Properties of Sodium 4 1

Second, the important compound of sodium 42

Three. Flame reaction 44

Section II Aluminum and Its Compounds 45

I. Characteristics and uses of aluminum 45

Two. Aluminum compound 46

In the third quarter iron and its compounds 47

I. Characteristics of iron 47

Two. Iron compound 48

Three. Inspection of iron ions 49

Section 4 Softening of Hard Water 49

I. Hard water and soft water 49

Second, the harm of hard water 50

Third, hard water softening 50

Chapter 52 Summary

Cesium 53 —— the softest metal in reading materials

Exercise 53

The fourth chapter common nonmetallic elements and their compounds 55

Section 1 Chlorine and Its Compounds 55

I. Properties and uses of chlorine gas 55

Second, the chloride ion test 58

III. Laboratory Methods of Chlorine 58

Four, hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid 58

In the second quarter oxygen ozone hydrogen peroxide 59

I. Oxygen and ozone 59

Two. Hydrogen peroxide 60

Section 3 Sulfur and Its Compounds 6 1

I. Sulfur 6 1

Two. Hydrogen sulfide 62

Three. Sulfur dioxide 62

Four. Sulfuric acid 63

Section 4 Nitrogen and Its Compounds 64

I. Nitrogen 64

Two. Ammonia 65

Three. Nitric acid 66

Section 5 Silicon and Its Compounds 67

I. Silicon 67

Two. Silicon compound 67

Chapter 70 Overview

Reading material Seawater Chemical Resources 7 1

Exercise 72

The fifth chapter chemical reaction rate chemical balance 74

The first section chemical reaction rate 74

I. Expression method of reaction rate 74

Second, the factors affecting the chemical reaction rate 75

Chemical balance in the second quarter 76

I. Reversible reactions 76

Two. Chemical equilibrium 77

Three. Equilibrium constant 77

In the third quarter, the movement of chemical balance 78

First, the principle of chemical equilibrium movement

Second, the application of chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium movement principle in chemical production 80

Abstract of this chapter 8 1

Reading material biocatalyst 82

Exercise 83

Chapter VI Electrolyte Solution 85

Section 1 Strong Electrolyte and Weak Electrolyte 85

I. Strength of Electrolyte 85

Two. Ionization equilibrium of weak electrolyte 86

Second, water-saving ionization and pH88 solution.

I. Ion product constant of water 88

Second, the solution pH and pH88

Three. Acid-base indicator 89

The third quarter ion reaction and ionic equation 90

I. Ion Reaction and ionic equation 90

II. Ion reaction conditions 9 1

Section 4 Hydrolysis of Salt 92

I. Hydrolysis of salt 92

Second, the application of salt hydrolysis 94

Section 5 Redox Reaction and Electrochemical Basis 95

I. Redox Reaction 95

Second, the primary battery 96

Three. Electrolysis 98

Four. Corrosion and protection of metals 10 1

Summary of this chapter 105

Reading Material Microbial Fuel Cell 107

Exercise 107

Chapter VII Organic Compounds and Hydrocarbons 1 10

Section 1 Overview of Organic Compounds 1 10

I. Organic Compounds and Organic Chemistry 1 10

Second, the characteristics of organic compounds 1 1 1

Three. Classification of organic compounds 1 12

Methane and alkanes in the second quarter 1 13

I. Methane 1 13

Two. Alkane 1 16

In the third quarter, ethylene and olefins 120

I. Ethylene 120

Two. Olefin 123

The fourth quarter acetylene and alkynes 124

I. Acetylene 124

Ii. alkynes 126

Section 5 Benzene Aromatics 127

I. Benzene 127

Two. Aromatic hydrocarbon 130

Summary of this chapter 13 1

Discovery of benzene and its molecular structure theory 132

Exercise 134

Chapter VIII Derivatives of Hydrocarbons 137

The first section ethanol phenol ether 137

I. Ethanol 137

2. Phenol 14 1

Iii. Ether 143

In the second quarter acetaldehyde acetone 143

I. Acetaldehyde 143

Second, acetone 147

In the third quarter, ethyl acetate 147

I acetic acid 147

Second, ethyl acetate 150

The fourth quarter chloroethane halogenated hydrocarbon 15 1

1. chloroethane 15 1

Ii. vinyl chloride 152

Three. Freon 152

Summary of this chapter 153

Reading materials 1 Why not use pure alcohol 154 for disinfection?

Reading Material II Dry Cleaning Technology and Chemistry 155

Exercise 155

Chapter 9 Chemistry and Materials 158

Section 1 Metal Materials 158

I. Structure and Characteristics of Metals 158

Two. Alloy 160

Iii. Superconducting materials 16 1

Non-metallic materials in the second quarter 162

I. Characteristics of nonmetallic elements 162

Two. Non-metallic materials 163

Section III Polymers and Synthetic Materials 166

First, the basic concept of polymer 166

Second, the characteristics of polymer 168

Three. Synthetic materials 169

Summary of this chapter 172

Reading materials from natural rubber to synthetic rubber 173

Exercise 174

Chapter 10 Chemistry and Energy 175

Section 1 Coal, Oil and Natural Gas 176

I. Coal and its Comprehensive Utilization 176

Two. Petroleum 180

Three. Natural gas 182

Nuclear energy and chemical power supply in the second quarter 182

I nuclear energy 182

Second, the chemical power supply 183

Section 3 New Energy Development and Utilization 183

I solar energy 184

II. Biomass Energy 184

No.3 green battery 185

Four. Hydrogen energy 186

Summary of this chapter 187

Reading Material: New Hope of Human Energy-Combustible Ice 188

Exercise 188

XI chemistry and food nutrition 190 chapter

Section 1 Grease 190

I. Composition and structure of oil 19 1

Second, the nature of oil 19 1

Three. Nutritional and physiological functions of oils and fats 192

Sugar in the second quarter 193

1. Monosaccharide 193

II. Oligosaccharides 195

Iii. Polysaccharide 196

Iv. Nutritional and Physiological Functions of Sugar 197

Section III protein 198

I. Composition of protein 198

Second, the nature of protein 198

Three. Nutritional and Physiological Functions of protein 199

The fourth quarter reasonable nutrition and balanced diet 200

I. Concept and significance of rational nutrition 200

Second, the composition of a balanced diet 200

Chapter 202 Summary

Sucralose 202, a New Sweetener for Reading Materials

Exercise 204

Student experiment 206

Experiment 1 Basic operation of chemical experiment and preparation of solution 206

Experiment 2 Properties of Important Nonmetallic Compounds 2 12

Experiment 3 chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium 2 14

Experiment 4 Determination of pH value of electrolyte solution 2 16

Experiment 5 Preparation and Properties of Ethylene and Acetylene 2 18

Experimental study on the properties of oxygen-containing derivatives of hexahydrocarbon 220

Appendix Solubility Table of Common Acids, Alkalis and Salts (20℃)223

Reference 224