Brief introduction of Xu Jishe's life
Xu Jishe (y? ), the word Jiannan,No. Songkan, is from Dongye Town, Wutai County, Shanxi Province. Born in the sixty years of Qing Qianlong (1795), he died in the twelve years of Tongzhi (1873). He was a patriot, one of the great pioneers who opened their eyes to the world in modern China, and a famous geographer in modern times. He also made achievements in literature, history and calligraphy.
1826 Zhongshi, 1842 as Fujian ambassador. Daoguang summoned him and ordered him to handle the trade between Xiamen and Fuzhou.
Since then, he has contacted people in Europe and America in various ways and learned about the politics, economy, history and geography of the modern world. From 1844 to 1848, he completed Ying Huan Zhi Lue in five years.
1865, he was called to Beijing as the foreign minister of the Prime Minister and the general manager of Wentong Museum.
1867101October 2 1 day, he accepted the portrait of Washington presented by the American government.
1869, he retired and returned to his hometown, where he lived until his death.
Xu Jishe's descendants donated 297 family heirlooms to urban hukou, and they are still farmers 26 years later.
1989, Xu Jishe's sixth granddaughter, Xu Huiyun, decided to donate this huge legacy to the Sanjin Cultural Research Society in Taiyuan. In return, the study of Sanjin culture will help solve the urban hukou of Xu Jinwei, the seventh grandson. Twenty-six years have passed, and the desire to solve the hukou in those years has been shattered. Most of the cultural relics donated by the Xu family have been handed over to Shanxi Provincial Museum (now renamed Shanxi Museum). There are still nearly 30 cultural relics whose whereabouts were unknown before and have not been found so far.
Xu Jishe's evaluation
Xu Jishe's Washington Theory directly explores our inner desires as human beings.
Looking out of the window of the White House where I live in Washington, D.C., our first president, George? Monuments in Washington soar into the sky. This is a very high obelisk, but there is a small stone tablet next to this big monument, which reads: milliken does not set the title of prince, does not follow secular rules, and pays for public opinion, creating an unprecedented game. These words were not written by Americans, but by Xu Jishe, the governor of Fujian Province. On 1853, the government of China presented them to our country as a gift.
I am very grateful for this gift from China. It directly discusses our inner desires as human beings: the right to life, freedom and the right to pursue happiness, as well as the freedom of speech, dissent, association and belief without state intervention. These are the core ideas established by our country 220 years ago. These are the ideas that lead us across the American continent to the world stage. These are ideas that Americans still cherish today.
Clinton: The 42nd President of the United States.
Xu Jishe's Washington Theory has a pioneering demonstration significance.
Xu Jishe's evaluation of Washington was made independently without any support, inheritance and reference, which reflected his profound insight. Later, some intellectuals in China inherited and deduced Xu's comments, and some intellectuals developed and deepened them. The general framework of Xu's comments is still political achievements and morality, and the main aspects are still the establishment of democratic system advocated and noble personal morality. It is in this sense that Xu Jishe's Washington Theory has pioneering and exemplary significance in the history of modern thought.
Xiong Yuezhi: Vice President of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Director and Researcher of Shanghai Institute of History.
Xu Jishe's contribution to breaking the ice and awakening the world in the history of modern thought in China.
The formation of Xu Jishe's open thought is closely related to his time, his extensive knowledge in his early years and his extensive contacts with westerners in Fujian and other coastal provinces. He got rid of the traditional fetters and fetters, and his openness greatly surpassed that of honest officials and other thinkers of his time. In the period of social transformation, different thinking and methods bring different political fates to people in power centers. Xu Jishe's open thought and practice left profound enlightenment and reference for China's modernization, that is, breaking the ice, awakening the world, developing advanced productive forces and their relations of production, and realizing the great goal of strengthening the country and enriching the people.
Guma: Vice President and Researcher of Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences.
Xu Jishe was a famous patriot in modern times.
During the Opium War, Xu Jishe advocated actively resisting foreign aggression. The starting point and end result of Xu Jishe's foreign exchanges after the war is to face up to the aggression of foreign powers and advocate? Just calm down, okay? , strive for? Are people and foreigners safe? , trying to grasp the initiative of foreign exchanges. Sometimes, Xu Jishe can't meet its own needs and give in to foreign invaders. In dealing with the issue of Shenguang Temple, Xu Jishe adopted the method of borrowing people's strength, which is exactly his consistent attitude in dealing with foreign affairs. When the parties imposed on Ji Xu? what's up Strong from foreigners? 、? Suppress the people and serve foreigners? This accusation is irresponsible and lacks factual basis.
Shao Yong: Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, China Center for Modern Society Research, Shanghai Normal University.
Xu Jishe was the first to put forward.
After the Opium War broke out, Xu Jishe's words and deeds showed that he was a representative of the anti-smoking faction and the resistance faction in this period. Like Lin Zexu and others, he defended the sovereignty and dignity of the country. Xu Jishe was the first to point out? Change the theory? (? Is this a great change from ancient times to modern times? ), and put forward the idea of preparing for war and equal diplomacy. ? And then what? This is the basic principle for Xu Jishe and others (including Daoguang Emperor) to deal with Sino-foreign relations after the war. Therefore, is it necessary to know it again? War? With what? And then what? . With what? War? Farming the world, with what? And then what? Ruling the world, history advances in repeated alternation, and historical figures reveal their true colors in historical activities.
Xu Songrong: Researcher, Institute of History, Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences.
In the passive opening to the outside world, Xu Jishe realized the academic turn.
Xu Jishe's research on geography has shifted from northwest to southeast, and from land to sea, which is the connection point for him to try to connect Chinese and foreign historical geography and introduce new overseas knowledge. Using China's marine books to connect with David Abel's dictation and China's marine experience to verify western knowledge are important factors for the success of Ying Huan Zhi Lue. Re？ Did you find it? China's marine history contains the profound meaning of looking forward to China's marine breakthrough. Taking history as a mirror and reflecting on countermeasures reflect Xu Jishe's understanding and awakening of marine consciousness. In addition, after textual research and speculation, it can be preliminarily concluded that Ying Huan Zhi Lue was not written at the instigation of Daoguang. Take this opportunity to clarify the facts.
Yang Guozhen: Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, Department of History, School of Humanities, Xiamen University.
Xu Jishe taught China people to know themselves by knowing the world.
Xu Jishe first described the whole world as? Land surrounded by the sea? The naming of Ying Huan Zhi Lue indicates that China people's understanding of the world geographical space has changed from the traditional? Gifu? The transformation from theory to modern geography has greatly promoted the modernization of China's political thought and foreign policy.
Wang Shangyi: Dean, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of taiyuan normal University.
Xu Jishe's thought has influenced China's modernization process.
Xu Jishe? Control foreigners with business? His foreign strategic thought stems from the Shanxi merchants' atmosphere in my hometown, my eclectic open style of study and my personal experience in working in the coastal areas. A calm investigation and judgment on the world pattern in Ying Huan Zhi Lue: A series of foreign negotiation activities, such as dealing with foreigners entering Fuzhou, have profoundly affected the modernization process of China.
Liu Xiaoli: Director and researcher, Institute of History, Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences.
Openness and tradition
As one of the pioneers who opened his eyes to see the world, Xu Jishe has an open side, which is mainly manifested in his world outlook and his concern for the western democratic system. As a scholar deeply infiltrated by traditional culture, Xu Jishe is branded with indelible traditional brand. He is loyal to the monarch, he respects stereotyped writing and concubines his children. Open? With what? Traditional Xu Jishe is contradictory. On the one hand, he accepts everything? Information from outside? ,? A decisive step in China's reform? ; On the other hand, he succumbed to tradition and consciously or unconsciously catered to the mainstream consciousness of society.
Luo Chunpu: Director and researcher, Institute of History, Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences.
Xu Jishe is good at dealing with foreign relations in a compromise way.
To a great extent, Xu Jishe abandoned the traditional ideas of China people and foreigners, introduced the outside world to China people through his own practice, adopted a realistic attitude, and solved related affairs through compromise. Xu Jishe gave diplomacy a certain space and became the pioneer of China's modern enlightenment thought.
Feng Sumei: Director and Associate Research Fellow, Institute of History, Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences.
Ying Huan Zhi Lue is pregnant with modern national concepts.
The leap from traditional national consciousness to modern national concept is a difficult and complicated historical process. Huayi? Where to? Chinese and western? The transformation of discourse is the basic premise of this historic leap. Is "A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan" facing completion? Huayi? In the era of discourse, Xu Jishe's A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan gave up the concept of "taking" and became a maverick. Easy? Should we refer to western countries, construct a discourse model with modern significance and construct traditional concepts? The world? In the modern sense? The world? A new cognitive system. It provided the initial ideological cornerstone and historical resources for the transformation and refinement of China's modern nationalism.
Wang Xianming: Professor and doctoral supervisor of China Social History Center and School of History, Nankai University.
Xu Jishe and his Biography of Ying Huan have become the weathervane for westerners to observe China.
/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Xu Jishe and his works were the weather vane for westerners, especially missionaries, to observe China. Bilaimen's book review "New Works of China Geography" mainly translated the contents of Ying Huan Zhi Lue; Samuel Wells Williams's article pays attention to the academic significance of Ying Huan Zhi Lue. In the eyes of China people, Ying Huan Zhi Lue, as a window to observe the world, has become a way to explore China culture in the eyes of westerners. Missionaries also believe that the publication of Ying Huan Zhi Lue can help their cause in China in terms of knowledge and ideology.
Wu: Dean, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of History Department of Sun Yat-sen University.
Xu Jishe's ambition to welcome joy.
In Xu Jishe's writing career, A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan is his most important work. In the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), Xu Jishe was promoted to Jinjing. Daoguang asked about the overseas situation and customs of various countries, and he got the correct answer, so Daoguang instructed him to write a book and submit it. Xu Jishe works hard. Interview at any time, collect information extensively, and write in your spare time. At the beginning of Ying Huan Zhi Lue, it was called A Study of the Jade Emperor, and Daoguang was twenty.
The first draft was completed in four years (1844), and it was renamed "A Brief Survey of Yinghuan". Later, I continued to collect the miscellaneous sayings of westerners, asked western officials, and supplemented the omissions with reference to Wei Yuan's Atlas of Sea Countries (first edition), so that Ying Huan Zhi became more and more complete and named Ying Huan Zhi, which was first engraved in Fujian in the 28th year of Daoguang (1848). In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), Shen Guifen strongly advocated that Dong Yao should play accurately. It will be re-engraved by the Prime Minister's yamen and re-engraved the following year. The book is divided into 10 volumes and 6 sub-packages, with a total score of 44 * * *. The book has a general statement first, and then a sub-statement, with pictures and texts, which confirm each other. The territory, race, population, evolution, organizational system, property, life, customs, religion, ups and downs, comparison with other countries and other aspects of each continent are quite detailed, and some discussions are also made.
As soon as Ying Huan Zhi Lue came out, it was highly valued by people of insight at home and abroad. Liu Hongxiang, the former governor of Fujian, praised the book. Earth guide? . The book said by Fujian Taoist Lu Zechang? Is it really good to control the country and control it? . Guo Songtao first described the strength of Britain and France in Ying Huan Zhi lue, thinking that he had surpassed it. Then he arrived in England and sighed. Mr. Xu has never been to the west, and what he said is indeed true, and it is more than 20 years earlier than us. Those without foresight and those with foresight are almost between Tao and salt. Ministers at home and abroad who have read this book include Qi Juanzao, Wu, Dong Yao, Zeng Guofan and others. Especially rare are Liu Yunke, Liu Hongao and Peng. Even as a first-class and second-class official, he wrote a preface to the book "Taking the World by storm". Although they praised Xu's book, they still praised it in the world. Liu Hongao Xu Yun:? China, the heart of heaven and earth; Four barbarians, limbs of heaven and earth. The vast territory of China is unparalleled in ancient times. Outside China 18 province, Vietnam in Antarctica, Russia in the Arctic, North Korea in the east and snow-capped mountains and green waters in the west are almost all over Asia. ? They turn a blind eye to the part that is different from the world view, and just think that it is a hidden evil. Li Ciming denounced: trusting foreign books and exaggerating foreign countries, especially hurting the country.
After Ying Huan Zhi Lue was introduced into Japan, it received wide attention and was considered as? Inform the world of Nanzhen? Contribute to their reform and transformation. Therefore, they published this book many times, in? Is there a version of the heart? (186 1 year) also translated the nouns not used in the book into Japanese and English. In June of the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the words about introducing the United States and praising Washington were engraved and presented to the United States, and were built on the inner wall of the tenth floor of the Washington Memorial Tower in the American capital. Later, Xu Jishe's name was included in the World Who's Who list by the United States.
In Ying Huan Zhi Lue, Xu Jishe not only introduced western science and technology, but also introduced western democratic system. Xu Jishe praised the first American president while describing that Washington led the American people to win the War of Independence and establish a bourgeois democratic system.
President Washington's great achievements and pioneering work in establishing a modern western democratic political system have given Washington a high evaluation, and its understanding is still difficult to surpass:
? Washington, D.C. is doing something. The uprising was brave enough to win, and the separatist regime was superior to Cao Liu. Since he opened Wan Li with a three-foot sword, he won't usurp the title and pass it on to future generations. But created a universal recommendation method. His rule of the country emphasizes good customs, not martial arts, which is different from other countries. I have seen his portrait, which is very spectacular. Alas, he is not an outstanding figure! Michigan (that is, the United States of Wan Li) is a country. There is no title of nobility, no hereditary rules, and public opinion pays, creating an unprecedented situation. Taixi ancient and modern figures, can you not call Washington the first! ?
In a word, the introduction and praise of Ying Huan Zhi lue to American bourgeois democratic system and bourgeois revolutionary leaders was the first one at that time, which had a great influence on China's ideological circles at that time and later bourgeois reformists. Kang Youwei, a bourgeois reformist thinker, has never read A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan before? Know the truth of the world, the truth of the earth? , and listed this book as one of his western teaching materials. Liang Qichao finished reading "A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan"? Know the countries on five continents? And that China's study of foreign geography began with Ying Huan Zhi Lue and Guo Hai Tu Zhi? Start thread? . These reformist thinkers all absorbed nutrition from Ying Huan Zhi Lue and promoted their bourgeois reform practice.
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