The Egyptian pyramids are said to be the tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs (kings of ancient Egypt), but archaeologists have never found the pharaohs' mummies in the pyramids. Pyramids were mainly popular in ancient Egypt. The base of the mausoleum is square, surrounded by four equal triangles (that is, square pyramids), and its profile is similar to the word "gold" in Chinese, so it is called a pyramid in Chinese. The pyramids are one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The Egyptian pyramids are one of the largest buildings so far, and they have become one of the most influential and enduring symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization. Most of these pyramids were built during the period of ancient Egypt and Middle Egypt. Most research data show that the number of Egyptian pyramid structures ranges from 865,438+0 to 65,438+065,438+02, and most scholars prefer a higher number. In 1842, Karl Richard Lepsius made a list of Egyptian pyramids. At that time, he calculated that there were 67 pyramids, but in his later archaeological career, he identified and discovered more pyramids. Many inaccurate counts are related to many poorly preserved small gold pagodas and gravelly tombs. It is often difficult to confirm whether the mausoleum is pyramid-shaped, but it does exist and has been studied and identified by archaeologists. Most of them will classify and group these difficult-to-confirm relics, and the most important observation range is from north to south. 65438+On February 26th, 2007, the head of the Supreme Council of Egyptian Antiquities announced that Egypt would pass laws applicable to all parts of the world, requiring those who copied Egyptian monuments such as the pyramids or the Sphinx to pay copyright fees as maintenance fees for thousands of Egyptian pharaoh monuments, but artists from all countries are not prohibited from copying pharaoh monuments and Egyptian monuments in various periods to gain benefits through painting or other means, as long as these works are not 100%. pyramid

The pyramids are the tombs of slavery kings in ancient Egypt. These rulers were called "pharaohs" in history. Ancient Egyptians' devout belief in God made them form a deep-rooted "concept of the afterlife" very early. They even think that "life is only a short stay, and after death it is a permanent enjoyment". Therefore, the Egyptians regarded the underworld as a continuation of earthly life. Influenced by this concept of the afterlife, the ancient Egyptians made sincere and confident preparations for their own death when they were alive. Every rich Egyptian should be busy preparing his grave and decorating it with various objects in order to gain eternal life after death. As far as Pharaoh or aristocrat is concerned, he will spend years or even decades building a mausoleum, and will also order craftsmen to use mural paintings and wooden models of the mausoleum to describe the activities he will continue to engage in after his death, such as sailing, hunting, feasting and so on, as well as the work that servants should do, so that he can live as comfortable as before. According to legend, before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, both princes and ministers and ordinary people were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, which the ancient Egyptians called "Mastaba". Later, a clever young man named Imhotep invented a new building method when designing a mausoleum for the Egyptian Pharaoh Zuosai. He replaced the mud brick with the square stone he picked from the mountain, constantly revised the design scheme of building the mausoleum, and finally built a six-story trapezoidal pyramid-this is the prototype of the pyramid we see now. In ancient Egypt, the pyramids were trapezoidal and layered, so they were also called hierarchical pyramids. This is a tall pyramid building with a square base and a triangle on each side, which looks like the Chinese character "gold", so we call it "pyramid". The tower mausoleum designed by Imhotep is the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history. After King Zuo Sai, the Egyptian Pharaoh followed his example and built a mausoleum for himself before he died. Since then, ancient Egypt has set off a wind to build pyramids. Because the pyramids originated in the ancient kingdom period, and the largest pyramids were built in this period, the ancient kingdom period of Egypt is also called the pyramid age. Why did the pharaohs of ancient Egypt build the mausoleum into the shape of a pyramid, which is the golden shape in Chinese characters? It turns out that at the earliest time, the pharaohs in Egypt were prepared to use Mastaba as their permanent residence after death. Later, during the second and third dynasties, the ancient Egyptians came up with the idea that the king would become a god and his soul would ascend to heaven after his death. In the inscription of the pyramid later discovered, there is a sentence like this: "Build a ladder for him (Pharaoh) so that he can go to heaven from there." The pyramid is such a ladder. At the same time, the pyramid form also expresses the worship of the sun god, because the symbol of the ancient Egyptian sun god "La" is the light of the sun. The pyramid symbolizes the sunlight that penetrates the sky. Because, when you stand on the road to Kize and look west from the perspective of the pyramid ridge, you can see that the pyramid shines on the earth like the sun. There is a sentence in the inscription of the pyramid: "The sky extends its own light to you, so that you can climb into the sky, just like pulling your eyes." Later, the worship of the obelisk by ancient Egyptians also had such significance, because the obelisk also represented the light of the sun. The largest of all the pyramids in ancient Egypt is the pyramid of the fourth dynasty Pharaoh Khufu. The original height of the Great Pyramid was 146.59 meters. After thousands of years of wind and rain, the top has been eroded by nearly 10 meter. The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world until it was built in Paris in 1889. The bottom of this pyramid is square, each side is more than 230 meters long, and it takes almost one kilometer to walk around the pyramid. The pyramid of Khufu is not only amazing in scale, but also famous for its superb architectural skills. There is no cement or other adhesive between the stones of the tower, but one stone is stacked on another. Every stone has been ground down for thousands of years. Even so, it is difficult for people to insert a sharp blade into the gap between stones, so it can last for thousands of years without falling down. This is a miracle in the history of architecture. In addition, on the north side of the Great Pyramid, there is a triangular entrance composed of four huge stones, and the height from the ground is 13 meters. This triangle is cleverly used, because if a quadrilateral is used instead of a triangle, then the huge pressure of the pyramid with a height of 100 meters will collapse the entrance. With the triangle, the great pressure is evenly dispersed. It is really remarkable to have such an understanding and application of mechanical principles more than 4,000 years ago and to have such a structure. Shortly after Khufu's death, another pyramid was built not far from his Great Pyramid. This is the pyramid of Khufu's son, Ha Raf. It is 3 meters lower than pyramid of khufu, but it seems to be higher than pyramid of khufu because of its higher terrain. Near the tower, there is a big statue carved with khalaf's head and the lion's body, the so-called Sphinx. Except the lion is made of stone, the whole Sphinx is chiseled on a huge natural rock. It has a history of more than 4500 years. Why did you carve it into a lion's body? In ancient Egyptian mythology, the lion was the guardian of various mysterious places and the gateway to the underground world. Because Pharaoh will become a sun god after his death, he built such a sphinx to guard the portal for Pharaoh. After the fourth dynasty, although other pharaohs built many pyramids, their scale and quality could not be compared with the above pyramids. After the Sixth Dynasty, with the division of the ancient kingdom and the decline of Pharaoh's power, the resistance of the Egyptian people and the robbery of some people, Pharaoh's "mummies" were often dragged out of the pyramids, so Egyptian pharaohs stopped building pyramids and dug secret graves on the mountains.

Edit this Kisha

Among the numerous pyramids, the three pyramids in Kisha are the most famous in the world, including the three most magnificent and complete ones: King Khufu, King Kabra and King Menkaure.

King khufu pyramid

King Khufu, son of King Sneiffel and Hoteples, was the first king to build a pyramid in Kishatai. The bottom of his pyramid is 230 meters long and 146 meters high. It consists of 2.6 million stones, each weighing two and a half tons. It is the largest pyramid in Egypt, symbolizing the supreme deification of the king. Generally speaking, this pyramid is called the Great Pyramid. At present, we only know the twenty-three years of King Kuff's reign (from 2543 BC to 2520 BC), but little is known about his deeds. Around the pyramid of King Khufu, especially on the north and south sides, there are many flat-topped stone tombs of the fourth and fifth generations of nobles, which are like stars arching the moon, setting off the unparalleled power of the pyramid of King Khufu. Perhaps the surprising thing about the pyramid of King Khufu is the accuracy of orientation determination. The bottom four sides are almost due north, due south, due east and due west, and the error is less than 1 degree. Such an accurate location is by no means determined by accident. Archaeologists believe that it was determined by the architect with the right frame star as the index. Before the completion of the Paris Tower, the King Khufu Pyramid was the tallest building in the world, and it still stood after three earthquakes. Archaeologists found a cedar wooden boat with mottled surface in a closed hole in the pyramid of King Khufu. It is 43 meters long and 5 meters wide. It was built by King Jie Deffler, the heir of King Khufu, to transport King Khufu to the eternal world.

King Calaf Pyramid

pyramid

After King Kuff's Pyramid, the second pyramid built by King Calaf in Kisha is comparable in scale to the inscription of King Kuff, but its internal structure is relatively simple, which is in sharp contrast with the magnificence of the neighboring aristocratic flat-topped stone tombs and the heavily guarded Sphinx.

King Menkaure Pyramid

King Menkaure, the successor of King Calaf, also built a pyramid in Kisha, but on a smaller scale. The bottom edge is only108m long and the height is only 67m. The actual volume is only one tenth of that of King Kuff's Pyramid, and the stone used is heavy and rough, so it is likely to be built in a hurry.

Edit the latest findings in this paragraph.

According to foreign media reports, in May of 20 1 1, Egypt discovered many pyramids and ancient settlements buried by the sands of time by using satellite technology. These new discoveries include 17 pyramids and 3000 ancient settlements hidden underground. More than 1000 cemeteries were detected by infrared devices 450 miles away from the earth. Satellite technology has revealed many pyramids that are still buried underground.

Two of the pyramids have long been confirmed by ground researchers, who think there are more unknown pyramids in this area. Before this latest discovery, it was generally believed that there were nearly 140 pyramids in Egypt. But experts have always suspected that there are more undiscovered pyramids buried underground. Because the density of mud bricks used by ancient Egyptians in building pyramids is much higher than that of surrounding sand, temples, tombs and other architectural forms can be easily seen from satellite images. [ 1]

Edit this sphinx.

The magnificent Sphinx has been lying on the Egyptian terrace of Kisha, guarding the pyramids of King Calaf for five thousand years. Roaring sandstorms have invaded this huge stone statue all the year round. For 5,000 years, tons of quicksand have been buried deep underground for most of the time. The ancient Egyptians often used lions to represent Pharaoh, symbolizing his infinite power and strength. This concept that Pharaoh was both a god and a man promoted the mixed appearance of the Sphinx and human face. As early as four or five thousand years ago, there were many sphinxes in ancient Egypt, the earliest of which was the colossus of Kisha. The colossus is 66 feet high and 240 feet long, and its posture is very magnificent and elegant. It is said that there was no thought of carving the lion's body at that time. After the completion of the pyramid, all the stones in the nearby quarry were dug out to build the pyramid, leaving only a huge dome limestone, which blocked the pyramid of King Kabra. An unknown sculptor stood there alone, carving a huge stone into a sphinx in memory of King Kabra. Unfortunately, the colossus was buried by quicksand shortly after it was carved. /kloc-During the period of 0/920s, archaeologists from Europe worked together to remove the quicksand of the colossus and repair it, so that the colossus once again stood in front of the King Kabra Pyramid and stared at the vast yellow sand.

Edit this passage in Giza

The Kafra Pyramid and the Sphinx are located in pyramid of khufu (also known as the Great Pyramid and the Pailos Pyramid) in Giza. They are the second largest pyramids in Ha Fula and the Monkara Pyramid, and there are many smaller affiliated pyramids and the Sphinx nearby. Among the three main pyramids, only the Kafra pyramid still retains part of the original polished limestone shell, covering the top. Especially this pyramid, because of its high foundation position and inclined pyramid angle, seems to be larger than the neighboring pyramid of khufu, but in fact, the height and volume of Kafra Pyramid are smaller than that of pyramid of khufu. The pyramids of Giza, whose shells are still preserved at the top of the Kafra Pyramid, are one of the most frequently visited scenic spots by tourists all over the world since ancient times, and also one of the seven wonders of the ancient world listed by Sidon Antipat in ancient Greece. At present, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. This location was originally two unfinished pyramids in the ancient kingdom. It is generally believed that the structure in the north belongs to Pharaoh Nebka, while the structure in the south belongs to Pharaoh Kabbah of the third dynasty (the journey of Kabbah, the heir of Sekhemkhet). However, Kabbah's four-year tenure made his stepped pyramid cancel the upper part of the pyramid quite early. Today, it is about 20 meters high. Although it has been completed, it is the same as before.

Edit this paragraph, Absire

Absil Lei has 57 pyramids, which were used as royal cemeteries during the fourth and fifth dynasties. In a word, it can be seen that the architectural quality and technology of the pyramids in the fifth dynasty are obviously inferior to those in the fourth dynasty. It is generally believed that they represented the decline of imperial power and economy at that time. These pyramids of the Fifth Dynasty are smaller than their predecessors, and the materials they built are also local low-quality limestone. The main pyramids here are Neusella, Naawer Kara and Sahula, among which Neusella Pyramid is the most complete, and it is also the location of the ruins pyramid in Raneferef. All the pyramids in Absil Lei are stepped pyramids, and the other largest pyramid is the Neferil Kakai Pyramid. It is generally believed that it was originally built as a stepped pyramid with a height of about 70 meters. Later, it became a "true pyramid" by filling loose stones in the corner where the steps were missing, and it also had a fixed surface.

Edit this paragraph, segala.

The famous stepped pyramid (left) and ussel pyramid (right) The main pyramids in segala include the famous Jozeel stepped pyramid, ussel pyramid and Teti pyramid in Zuo Saier, among which the stepped pyramid is also the oldest stone pyramid in Egypt. There is also the Unas Pyramid, which even retains the pyramid causeway, which is the best preserved architectural causeway in Egypt. This pyramid is also one of the earliest restored pyramids in ancient Egypt. The host is one of the sons of Ramses II, and segala is also the location of the burial pyramid buried in the ruined ladder of Seken Kate, the successor of Zuo. Archaeologists believe that this destroyed pyramid was once complete, and it is even famous in Zell province of Bizot.

Edit this passage, dashur.

Dahshur, the Red Pyramid, is considered as one of the most important pyramid areas in Egypt except Giza and segala. Although it was located in the military jurisdiction until 1996, it was difficult to study it, so the archaeological community knew little about it. Among them, the pyramid in the south of Sneferu is a well-known curved pyramid, which is usually considered as one of the only remaining pyramids with almost smooth surface. It successfully preserved the original limestone shell of the pyramid, and its bright appearance showed the most original and brightest side of all the pyramids. The Northern Pyramid is the second largest pyramid (red pyramid) in Sneferu. Although it was built later than the arc pyramid, it successfully became the earliest true pyramid in the world and the third largest pyramid in Egypt, second only to the pyramids of pyramid of khufu and Kafra in Giza. In addition, there is a black pyramid of Amenemcht III near Dashur.

Edit this passage, Mace Gohana.

Mazghuna is located in the south of Dashur. In the first middle period, many pharaohs built pyramids with mud bricks. Now these buildings can't stand weathering and have been destroyed.

Edit this paragraph, Lister.

The two main pyramids in Liszt are those of Majnik I and his son Sinoselt I, and there are ten destroyed subsidiary pyramids built later. One of the small pyramids belongs to Kabbah II, a known relative of Majnik I, and there is a famous Fayoum oasis near Liszt, which is halfway between Dashur and Medum. It is about 100 km from Cairo, and this place is considered to be close to the ancient city of Ittawi (the actual location of the remains of the ancient city is unknown), which was once the capital of the first 12 dynasty in ancient Egypt.

Edit this paragraph, Medum.

Maidum Pyramid One of Maidum Pyramids is the Pyramid of Sneferu. This is a pyramid of debris, but it still retains a complete central structure, surrounded by collapsed pyramid shells and sand. Maidum Pyramid is one of the three pyramids built during the reign of Sneferu. It is generally believed that this pyramid was built by Sneferu's father Huni and the previous generation. However, this theory may also be uncertain, because Sneferu's name does not appear in this place. Some archaeologists believe that the Maidum Pyramid may be the first attempt by the Egyptians to build a real pyramid, but the project was not successful later. The outer pyramid shell of Medum Pyramid suffered serious collapse in ancient times, but now only the inner core part still stands, making it a strange-looking pyramid. The mountain below it is not natural. In fact, this gravel mountain was formed when the shell collapsed.

Edit this paragraph hawala

Hawala has a pyramid of the last powerful Pharaoh of the first 12 dynasty, Amenemkht III, which is connected with Fayong Oasis. It is generally speculated that he built it with the black pyramid of Dashur, and the pyramid of Hawala is his final destination.

Edit this passage of Abraham

There is a pyramid of Sanou Leite II in Lahun, Egypt, which is the southernmost royal pyramid in Egypt. Its architect skillfully regards a natural limestone mountain with a height of 12 meters as the core of its building foundation, which greatly reduces the workload required for construction.

Edit the mystery of the structure of this paragraph

The method of building the pyramids is not recorded. Later generations have several conjectures. One is to use a huge lever, one end of which is tied with a rope, and the other end is hoisted by manpower, and then the stones are gradually piled up. Another speculation is that a slope is built with a mound, stones are pulled up with wooden rollers, and the mound spirals around the pyramid. Some people think that the second method of clearing hills is a big problem, so it is speculated that hills should be used first, and then levers should be used. According to modern standards, the technology used in pyramid architecture may not be brilliant, but their management and organization ability give us a silent proof. For example, the Great Pyramid of Khufu covers an area of 13 acre and consists of 2.3 million stones, each weighing about 2.5 tons. It is estimated that this building will take one hundred thousand people twenty years. However, there is another saying. In 2006, Barr Som, a professor of materials engineering at Dreiser University in Philadelphia, speculated that "when the ancient Egyptians built the upper pyramid, they poured concrete into the mold at the height, instead of dragging the boulder to the height." (The full text was published in February 2006 in the Journal of American Ceramic Association. ) Of course, this statement has also been questioned by many people, among them, they questioned whether Balzo's sample is the modern cement used to repair the pyramids. On March 3rd, 2007, jean pierre Hu Dan, a French architect, put forward the idea of "covering from the inside to the outside", thinking that an outer slope should be built on the outer wall of the Great Pyramid, and then an inner spiral tunnel should be built.

Edit the internal structure of this paragraph.