theoretical basis
According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, especially the statement that the clock is slow. When the speed of an object approaches the speed of light, the time around the object will slow down rapidly and the space will shrink rapidly. When the speed of an object is equal to the speed of light, time will stop and space will shrink to a point, which means the emergence of zero time and space. When the object moves faster than the speed of light, time will go backwards, which is called negative time; Space will correspondingly return to the past space, which is the so-called negative space. At this time, the object will enter negative space-time, that is, space-time reversal or space-time reversal, so that the object will realize teleportation, that is, instantaneous movement.
Representation method
When we use the spatial rectangular coordinate system to represent the five-dimensional space, the spatial time is the horizontal axis and the vertical axis respectively, and the temperature is the vertical axis, so that a five-dimensional spatial reference system can be formed. In this frame of reference, the coordinate axis of time and space has not only a positive axis, but also a negative axis, including the origin. There is a space-time distance between time and space in the five-dimensional space reference system, that is, there is a geometric distance relationship between positive and negative time and positive and negative space (at least in the coordinate system).
The existence of relative five-dimensional space in time tunnel
Einstein's general theory of relativity itself predicts that space-time starts from the base point of the Big Bang and ends at the base point of the Big Squeeze (if the whole universe collapses) or ends at the base point of the black hole (if a local area, such as a star, is about to collapse). General relativity itself cannot explain these characteristics, nor can it answer these questions, because it predicts that the universe started from infinite density at the singularity of the Big Bang. At the singularity, general relativity and all other laws of physics fail: people can't predict what will happen at the singularity. As mentioned earlier, this shows that we can remove the big bang singularity and any events before it from this theory, because they have no observation effect on us. There will be a boundary between time and space-the beginning of the Big Bang. Space-time begins with the Big Bang and ends with the Big Squeeze, so in this process, the whole universe has a complete four-dimensional space. From the beginning to the end, time and space left a long trajectory in the whole universe, so the trajectory left by this time and space is called time and space. So what is a time tunnel (assuming it exists)? I define it as: time and space left a long trajectory in the whole universe, and left a long double-time channel after crossing time again.
physical dimension
In fact, the physical dimensions are diverse. We are familiar with three spatial dimensions and a time dimension that we often hear. Dimensions in physics are defined mathematically. And the spatial dimension should only be three-dimensional. The zero dimension grows in any direction (in any direction) to form a one-dimensional line (any line, not just a straight line), and the one-dimensional line grows along the normal direction (the direction is in a plane, so it is a normal plane and is two-dimensional) to form a two-dimensional surface. Similarly, the two-dimensional surface grows along the normal direction (the direction is fixed, but on a straight line) to form a three-dimensional body. However, it is impossible for a three-dimensional body to grow in space. It can be inferred that zero-dimensional point has three-dimensional growth direction, one-dimensional line has two-dimensional plane as its growth direction, and two-dimensional plane has one-dimensional line as its growth direction. The growth direction decreases with the increase of spatial dimension. The growth dimension of three-dimensional body is zero. Therefore, it is impossible for a three-dimensional space to grow into a four-dimensional space, which is called time and space, and the time dimension is a physical dimension independent of the space dimension. In other words, Naoko can only be made in three dimensions. And this kind of manufacturing can be science fiction. However, it is still a little more magical. Just like we are in three-dimensional space, we can't perceive two-dimensional space, and we can't even prove the existence of two-dimensional space. Because the energy of different dimensions is obviously not interchangeable, otherwise the perpetual motion machine is really justified. The line is one-dimensional, the parameter is that the point surface is two-dimensional, the parameter is that the line body is three-dimensional, the parameter is surface, and so on. The space with the body as the parameter is a four-dimensional space, which is usually understood as time and space. We can see similar statements from many books. Then the space formed by spatio-temporal parameters should be five-dimensional space, and we humans can only perceive four dimensions.
Dimensional law
It is found that one-dimensional things can accommodate the so-called zero-dimensional (straight lines are composed of points) five-dimensional space, two-dimensional things can accommodate one-dimensional (you can draw a straight line on paper), and three-dimensional things can accommodate two-dimensional (a piece of paper is placed in a box), so four-dimensional things naturally accommodate three-dimensional. Our human body is three-dimensional. Our world is four-dimensional Why is it four-dimensional? Because our world has four elements: length, width, height and time, that is, time and space.
three-dimensional
Three-dimensional refers to the space system formed by adding a direction vector to plane two. The so-called three dimensions, according to the popular theory, are only artificially designated and staggered three directions (vertical is a very characteristic understanding). With this three-dimensional coordinate, it seems that the position of any point in the whole world can be determined. It turns out that the three-dimensional position is determined. Stereo is not only the three axes of the coordinate axis, that is, the X axis, the Y axis and the Z axis, where X represents the left and right space, Y represents the upper and lower space, and Z represents the front and rear space, thus forming a three-dimensional sense of human vision. Three-dimensional animation is a three-dimensional animation made by three-dimensional production software, which has realized the trend of further development. The so-called three-dimensional space refers to the space we live in, which can be understood as up and down. If time exists in the form of matter, plus time, it will be a four-dimensional space. But it is not difficult to understand that you can go back to the past at will in time, but understand that "just now" and "now" are different physical beings, but you can't go back to "just now" and "past". Three-dimensional is composed of two dimensions, that is, only two directions are staggered, and a two-dimensional and a one-dimensional are superimposed to get three-dimensional. Three-dimensional is three-dimensional, but what we often say is only relative to the observation angle. There is no absolute front, back, left, right, up and down. Three-dimensional technology is mainly used in animation industry. In China, three-dimensional animation mainly includes Exploring the Global Village (said to be the first three-dimensional animation of China) and Mobius Ring.
] high-dimensional model
More than four dimensions belong to a high-dimensional model. High-dimensional model is divided into two concepts: mathematics and physics. Mathematically, there are many models in multidimensional. Theoretically, the dimension can be very high and there are many models. But few people satisfy the property of "exchange invariance", so some people think that four-dimensional space is the upper limit of physical dimension. But some people think that there will be a higher physical dimension. Constant thinking is good for intelligence. Because of the limitation of physical conditions, although there are many models in mathematics, in physical theory, the dimension cannot be very high. In order to explain the infinity of the universe, we must introduce the concept of multi-dimensions, generally four-dimensional space-time (a pair of relative synthetic properties) and other finite countable dimensions. However, there are not many models in physics, because it is very difficult to think because of the constraints of physical phenomena.
Fifth dimensional space
A time plane. This time plane is a five-dimensional space, which is composed of countless four-dimensional spaces along an axis. We can imagine that an object in five-dimensional space should span different time axes, but we can only observe part of it on any time axis. The proposal of five-dimensional space is closely related to the discovery of dark matter. It is generally acknowledged in physics that the discovery of dark matter means that human knowledge and ability enter five-dimensional space, which is a qualitative change. For example, five-dimensional space may help to obtain "antimatter" energy. How powerful is that energy? Scientists say that the energy released by a coin-sized mass of "antimatter" can make the existing ultra-large space operations do 60 round trips, and it is very close to the speed of light. There is dark matter everywhere in the universe, and it is "anytime, anywhere" to obtain antimatter energy. That is to say, in this way, not only the travel between the solar system and the Milky Way is feasible, but also the travel between galaxies and the travel between two universes through time tunnels (wormholes) can be realized. More interestingly, once the knowledge of five-dimensional space energy is confirmed and the ability is obtained, it means that the door of six-dimensional space is opened.
Hexagonal space
If six-dimensional space really exists, then Einstein's "general relativity" shows that his theory itself is not perfect. For human beings, we are used to the concept of three-dimensional space. How can we imagine and accept six-dimensional space? Take water pipes for example. People stand on the front of the water pipe and see that the water pipe is a straight line. We only see its front and back, and it is one-dimensional. When people stand on a plane and look at the water pipe, they can see the top, bottom, left and right sides of the water pipe, so what people see is two-dimensional. When people look at this water pipe in three-dimensional space, it is in our eyes, so it is three-dimensional. But what if people put this water pipe in a two-dimensional plane and then put this two-dimensional plane in a three-dimensional space? Therefore, scientists imagine that water pipes are as thin as hair. Scientists believe that six "hidden" spatial dimensions are curled up at every point in our universe with extremely tiny geometric shapes. This method of observing six-dimensional shapes is published in Physical Review Letters, because it can prove that it is feasible to observe these elusive dimensional shape features through experimental data. At the same time, the existence of six-dimensional space is also the main aspect to confirm the superstring theory.
seven dimensional space
Put forward theory
According to M theory (a superstring theory) put forward in 1990s, the universe is eleven-dimensional, and consists of vibration planes. In Einstein's view, the universe has only four dimensions (three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time), while modern physics believes that there are seven dimensions that we can't see.
For example.
For example, an ant walks on a piece of paper. It can only go right or left, forward or backward. For it, high and low are meaningless, that is to say, the three-dimensional space exists, but it is not recognized by ants. Similarly, our world consists of four dimensions (three spatial dimensions and one time dimension), but we don't know all the other dimensions.
Physicist's point of view
According to physicists, there should be seven more dimensions. Although there are so many dimensions, these dimensions are invisible and rolled together by themselves, which is called compressed dimension. To understand this view, let's take ants as an example and expand our imagination. We can imagine rolling up the paper on which ants walk until it is rolled into a cylinder. If ants walk along the paper wall, they will finally return to the starting point, which is an example of compressed dimension. If you can take it away along the famous Mobius, the above phenomenon will also happen. Of course, it is three-dimensional, but if you follow it, you will always return to the starting point. Mobius belt is compressed from the perspective of dimension. According to physics, it has three dimensions, but whoever walks on it can only recognize one dimension. It's a bit like the person on the left: up or down, but never ending. If the ants don't walk along the curved wall of the paper tube, they will never return to the original starting point. This is an example of two dimensions (or the kind of dimensions we perceive). Go straight along it, and you can't go back to the original starting point. Hawking put forward his model of the universe and gave the space of 1 1. He thinks that four unknowns, X, Y, Z and T (time), are not enough to describe the universe. Only after adding them to 1 1 can many structures of the universe be explained. To put it another way, the eleventh dimension of the universe was put forward by Edward Wheaton. Using these "dimensions" in five-dimensional space is also impossible for astronomers to detect.
Octuple space
The accepted theory of modern physics is eight-dimensional space, which is divided into X dimension (the length of an object), Y dimension (the width of an object), Z dimension (the height of an object), time dimension, gravity dimension, electromagnetic force dimension, universal gravitation dimension and universal repulsion dimension. This theory was founded by German physicist Bakhdheim in 1957, and was further developed and perfected by himself, and some new achievements were made, one of which was to summarize a series of equations for calculating the mass of elementary particles. 1977, he published this equation, but it was too complicated for many physicists to understand. Later, experiments proved its correctness. Because most of his theories are published in German, most physicists think these arguments are obscure and puzzling, and Zhang Er and Monk are puzzled. 1980, Heim's theory attracted the attention of Austrian physicist Walter de Luescher. After careful study, he explained the theory in detail, and further improved it, so there is today's recognized Heim de Ruchel space, which is an eight-dimensional cosmic space structure (we are now in this space). When delineating more than four dimensions, there are still many places that we can't explain, and the high-dimensional model is quite difficult to complete. Above, I hope it will be convenient for you to understand.