Topographic map consists of mathematical elements, physical geographical elements and socio-economic elements. Mathematical elements include map projection, scale, geographic coordinate network, rectangular coordinate network, survey control points and map outline; Natural elements include water system, topography, soil quality and vegetation; Socio-economic factors include residential land, road network, political boundary line and important cultural and economic independence; Other auxiliary elements include information description and auxiliary charts. Topographic map has the following characteristics:

1. Unified Mathematical Foundation

The topographic map adopts unified map projection, unified geodetic coordinate system and height system, unified scale series, and unified framing and numbering according to latitude and longitude.

2. Uniform specifications and pattern symbols

Topographic maps of various scales are measured in accordance with the unified national norms, which have specific provisions on measurement methods, mapping accuracy, selection principles, symbol size and overall specifications.

3. Detailed content and high geometric accuracy.

The map shows the distribution, quantity and quality characteristics of various geographical elements on the ground in detail. Some topographic maps can be measured because of their large scale and high accuracy.