One. brief introduction
1。 What is language?
Language is any phonetic system in interpersonal communication.
Linguistics: the study of language science.
Some basic differences (differences)
3. 1 language
The general principle of linguistic analysis of language is more oral writing. Writing is a new range of language, which uses pronunciation.
3.2 Description or Specification (Description)
Language is descriptive, if it describes and analyzes observed facts, if it tries to put forward "correct" rules of behavior, it is mandatory.
3.3 The diachronic study of synchronous SYNC is a descriptive language to study Saussure's time points. The temporal change of descriptive language (continued) is a diachronic learning.
3.4 "Language" (language) and speech (oral)
This is different from Saussure, a Swiss linguist. As early as the last century, F.De Saussure (. "Language" refers to the abstract language system enjoyed by all members of a language community, and speech refers to actual language or "language".
3.5 Ability (Capacity) and Performance (Behavior)
The user doesn't know the rules, and his language ability is an ideal language achievement. This knowledge can realize inch pronunciation.
The banker's language, the range of any currency. Linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics, which describes phonetics and provides methods of description, classification and transcription.
The characteristics of phonology research (phonology) is a branch of linguistics that studies language.
branch
Form (vocabulary) studies the sound patterns of the formal language of a text.
Grammar is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules of combining words into sentences (grammar).
The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics: teaching and research of foreign languages and second languages.
Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and thinking.
Historical linguistics, which studies language changes.
Anthropological linguistics (humanistic linguistics) uses anthropological theories and methods to study language variation and language use, cultural patterns and people's beliefs.
Neurolinguistics studied the development of human language and the neural basis of using mathematical language.
Mathematical linguistics, mathematical linguistics research, commonly used mathematical models and concepts.
BR/>； Computational linguistics is a mathematical method and concept of applied linguistics, often with the help of computers.
Sound (sound)
The phonetic range in phonetics can be studied from different angles, so we have at least three phonetic branches:
Articulating pronunciation, we can check that pronunciation is the organ of sound and how they coordinate (cooperate) in this process.
Auditional speech, we might as well look at the impression that the speaker makes the listener's ears, auditory nerves and brain mediate.
Research on the physical properties of acoustic speech, speech sound and oral-ear transmission.
vocal organ
The vocal organs can be regarded as airflow caused by sound (vocal organs) and acoustic cavity (organs).
3。 A place of convergence (pronunciation consonants)
Part): double lip sound (lip) lip tooth "de" (lip tooth), tooth (tooth) alveolar bone (gum) tongue rolling (palatal alveolar tongue rolling) (gluing) (uvula (palate) tongue root, soft palate, uvula) glottis.
Convergence: crackling sound (broken) nose (nose) (vibrato) side (capillary) fricative sound (friction) vibrato approximate (approximate sound) fricative sound (fricative sound).
Vowel (vowel)
Vowel classification: the tongue height increases (high, middle and low), the tongue position is the highest (front, middle and back), and the lips (round lips, round lips).
Third, phonology (phonology)
Phoneme: A language with a unique (different) sound.
2。 Phoneme variation: There is no difference between sounds of the same phoneme.
3。 Minimum double (lowest third degree): a sound composed of different words.
4。 Free: If two sounds appear in the same environment (environment), different forms of words will not be produced, only different pronunciations will be produced. Your browser must support Flash to use this feature. A word changes.
Complementary distribution (supplementary classification): not all sounds are in the same environment, so two sounds will never happen in the same environment.
6. Suprasonic phonology phonology features (attributes) unit beer phoneme, syllable (syllable), stress (stress
Shape (vocabulary) BR p> inflections (configuration): through grammatical relations) word stress, sentence stress, tone (sound), tone (sound). inflectional affixes
The process of word formation is the signal change of word meaning relationship (lexical relationship) and its compound words (synthesis) and differentiation (adjectives).
The relationship between the expression of the smallest unit morpheme and the content.
4。 Affix (homogeneous visual variation): Some languages are called considerable differences, such as alternative shapes or phonetic forms.
Morphemes: root paste (affix) and stem (root).
6。 Vocabulary (language vocabulary): In the most general sense, it is synonymous.
If the class is closed, the code of the open class word is "(open)": the former is fixed or limited, while the latter, its members are indefinite or infinite in principle (actually).
Part of speech (part of speech): a more precisely defined category, which shows a wider range of
10 Idiom (Idiom): The semantics of the most expressed phrase idioms solitaire sequence (word order) is often restricted by grammar.
& lt/ 1 1 (inclusive) * * * Habits (especially habits) match the occurrence (and) of individual words.
Grammar (grammar) or word order (word order) positional relationship of v: (order) arrangement language.
Construction or component grammar (sentence structure), the internal organization of the unit (internal)
(The role of grammar and syntax in the whole process): Names used in the relationship model between language form and language, and their functional subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers (modifiers) and complements (s)/a >
District is the representative of other regions: it refers to narrow categories, such as nouns, verbs, themes, predicates, noun phrases, verb phrases, noun categories and functions, including number of people, gender, case number, etc.
5。 Bottom line: this structure contains more than one word, and it lacks an element in the typical subject-predicate structure.
Clause: If a phrase is contained in a larger sentence, it has its own subject and predicate.
7。 Bottom line: This is the lowest language to express a complete meaning. exist
BR/ semantics
VI of 1 Conceptualism, idealism: Saussure (Suo School Seoul), the "bud" of theory, a means of language symbol (abbreviation), this (accusation), this is a good image and concept (connection), much like a psychological bond.
2。 Mechanism (mechanism): ■ Some linguists, such as Bloomfield and Brooklyn Fair, put forward valuable theoretical methods (methods) on what the mechanical essence of this theory is, but did not make scientific research on psychological phenomena. (intellectual phenomenon)
Context: It is based on the assumption that people can infer its meaning or reduce observable situations.
4 。 Behavior: the definition of behaviorism "scene is the reaction of the speaker's speech, thus arousing the meaning of the listener's language form."
5。 Function: Functionalism to solve this problem (representing the linguist of Prague School and the new theory of Newworth), the meaning of (instruction) can only be explained (explained), its purpose or its role in social life.
6。 Relationship (method) in a new direction: although language deals with the relationship between elements, words, sentences, etc. And the experience of the non-linguistic world, and feel the relationship between the language elements of complex systems, including pronouns (synonyms), antonyms (antonyms) and polysemous words (below)? Refers to the homonym.
Semantic analysis: including: 1) the basic components (components) of analysis, and the semantic components (significant components) that define the meaning elements of vocabulary 2. Predictive analysis (expression) not only constitutes the meaning of a sentence, but also the sum of its meanings. 3) the relationship between components, some semantic analysis, put forward complex pictures, because the relationship between them shows, maybe more conditions.
7 Language change and language change
1。 Lexical changes in vocabulary: lexical changes
Twenty cents? Mingxin Entity (Coin)
Preparation: (compound word), sometimes composed of two old words.
Mixed word: This is a more complicated compound form, in which two roots are mixed with the beginning of the last part in the root directory, or two roots are added through the beginning. /A & gt；
Created an abbreviation or clipping of a new word: the beginning of the cut and the end of the cut. Acronym of the word center: (take the acronym) institution, its main name.
7。 Meta-analysis is: (re-differentiation), which is a process through departments.
Precautions before word formation: (anti-word formation) This is a short abnormal word formation. Imagine deleting (deleting) a few inches of mobile phone language from a long paste.
9。 The metaphor of creation (imitating word-making) can explain the coexistence of regular and irregular forms (above) in some other English verbs * * * yoke (merger).
10 borrowing (borrowing): English has successfully expanded its vocabulary in its development. Language.
1 1。 Phenological change (phonetic change): it is related to the phonetic system of language variation, including assimilation (assimilation) loss (ellipsis) and alienation (alienation) division (phonetic change)/a >
Two forms (vocabulary) and grammar (grammar) of grammatical changes of 12 are listed under this heading.
13。 Semantic change: (semantic change), including the expansion of word meaning (meaning transformation) and the change of narrow semantic expansion (semantic narrowness)
14 (word conversion), the change of orthography in folk etymology: the change of orthography can also be found at the level of glyphs.