However, personally, apart from the military, the Song Dynasty was very good in economy, culture, science and technology, and foreign exchanges.
In Song Dynasty, which was criticized as "military weakness" by "mainstream" experts, the winning rate of foreign wars (with a scale of more than 10,000 people, excluding unified wars and civil wars) exceeded 70%. The Tang Dynasty, regarded as the most powerful militarily, won less and lost more in foreign wars. I spent eight months reading The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, The History of Song Dynasty, The History of Liao Dynasty, The History of Jin Dynasty, The History of Yuan Dynasty, The Book of Xixia, The Compilation of the North League of Three Dynasties, The Records of Years Since the Establishment of Yan State, The Compilation of Song Huiji, etc. 70% is fine. )
PS: After Shi Jingtang ceded sixteen states to Qidan, the Central Plains lost a large area of good horses. After losing Lingzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty, it also lost an area where good horses could be obtained. Since then, there has never been a good horse source in the Central Plains.
Horse-producing land is in the hands of nomadic people, which leads to the fact that the Song Dynasty can only use the flesh and blood of infantry to resist the impact of nomadic fighters from beginning to end, so the victory of the Song Dynasty is generally defeat rather than annihilation. If the foreign victory rate of the Song Dynasty is below 60% for a period of time, it basically means national subjugation.
The average combat load of soldiers in Song Dynasty is 32kg, and the training load is even higher than this value. At present, the training load of the most elite special forces in the United States is less than 15 kg. (Records of years since the establishment of inflammation, the history of the Song Dynasty, compilation of the history of the Song Dynasty, etc. )
During the Yuanfeng period in northern Song Shenzong (1078- 1085), the urbanization rate of China reached an astonishing 30%. In the so-called "kanggan prosperous time" era, this proportion was only 9%; New China only reached this value again in the early 20th century. (Yuanfeng Jiu Yu Lu, long history of Song Dynasty, etc. )
In the same period, the annual output of steel in Yuanfeng and North China reached 6.5438+0.5 million tons. After the industrial revolution, the steel output in Britain reached 76,000 tons in 1788.
Throughout the Northern Song Dynasty, China has been expanding its territory. The territorial expansion of the Northern Song Dynasty was basically in the southwest, which was the same as Zhuge Liang's capture of Meng Huo. Having conquered and rebelled against the chieftain in the southwest, fighting again and again is almost the same as not expanding, and it also consumes national strength. It didn't stop until the year before the "Jingkang Change" (1 126). In the early Northern Song Dynasty, it mainly attacked Qidan until the vassal state alliance. In the middle and late period, we paid attention to the attack on Xixia and Tubo, especially on the Tubo Hehuang area, which recovered the lost land in the Tang Dynasty and greatly expanded the territory. During the Northern Song Dynasty, he joined the northern expedition of the Jin Dynasty and gained a large territory in the north, and then the Northern Song Dynasty died in Jin. (Long Editor-in-Chief Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Song Yao Yao Compilation, etc. )
The "Little Chef of Song Hippo" created by Qin Gui was the common font of official documents throughout the Southern Song Dynasty, and it is still the mainstream font today, although Qin Gui was regarded as a negative model for most of the Southern Song Dynasty.
The reason why the Southern Song Dynasty was always partial was not entirely because the rulers were unwilling to recover their homeland, but because the voices of civil opposition were too loud. What is even more unexpected is that the public objected because they were worried that Song Ting would increase taxes in Jiangnan after recovering his homeland to support the recovered areas severely damaged by Jurchen.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the business was developed, and the wages of skilled employees were higher than those of the magistrate. (Magistrates in the Song Dynasty were generally born in the third or fourth class, with an annual salary of more than 400 yuan, at least equivalent to today's 6.5438+0.5 million yuan. This is a high salary to maintain integrity. )
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the most advanced looms in China had more than 65,438+0,800 moving parts, some of which could not be achieved by modern looms.
In the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, the population of China (Song Dynasty only) accounted for about 15% of the world population, but the total economic output accounted for more than 75% of the world. Today, the population of China accounts for 2 1% of the world's population, while the total economic output only accounts for 4% of the world.
1233, when the Song and Mongolian allied forces attacked Caizhou, Meng Gong, a famous soldier in the Southern Song Dynasty, saved the life of Mongolian general Zhang Rou. Four years later, Zhang Rou's son, Zhang Hongfan, was born. It was this Zhang Hongfan who perished in the Southern Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yashan. (Song history, Yuan history, etc. )
Qin, a mathematician in the Southern Song Dynasty, discovered the formula for finding the root of the cubic equation of one yuan at the latest in 1247, which took Europeans more than 400 years to discover, but this formula is still named after that European in China's textbooks. (Nine chapters of mathematics, etc. )
In the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1206), the central financial revenue reached 80 million yuan, when the national population was about 70 million. By 1900, the population of the Qing court was 80 million taels, but it was 400 million taels. The purchasing power of the Southern Song Dynasty 1 was twice that of the late Qing Dynasty. More importantly, the tax rate in Song Dynasty was lower than that in Qing Dynasty.
As for the Qing dynasty, I personally think it is a shame.
1644, a large-scale plague broke out in northern China, resulting in the annihilation of 200,000 Ming troops stationed in Beijing, which directly led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty in Li Zicheng. Subsequently, the herding and hunting nationalities in the north took the opportunity to enter the Central Plains and established a minority regime that lasted for more than 200 years. Compared with the nomadic people who invaded by the civil strife in the Central Plains in the Tang Dynasty, the civil strife in the Central Plains in the late Ming Dynasty successfully destroyed the China regime and established a new regime that led to historical retrogression.
The longest-used title is not Kangxi, but Chongzhen, the last title of the Ming Dynasty, which was used by the Korean people for 265 years. Records of Korea's Li Dynasty, etc.
During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, Sikuquanshu was compiled, totaling 3,457 volumes and 79,070 volumes, and 6,766 volumes and 93,556 volumes were banned. He might as well not fix it.
After the First Opium War, someone accidentally discovered a batch of firearms that had been sealed for more than 200 years in a warehouse in Beijing. These firearms were made in the late Ming Dynasty, and there were some cannons imported from Portugal in the Ming Dynasty. The rulers of Qing dynasty abolished the military science and technology of Ming dynasty in order to prevent the ridiculous reason of anti-Qing dynasty and restoring sight.
Zheng He's fleet is the largest treasure ship to the west, with a displacement of about 7,500 tons. The displacement is close to the standard of aircraft carrier. It was forbidden to go to sea in the Qing Dynasty, and I have never heard of a big ship.
During the 70 years from 1572 "Qin Long Switch" to 1644, the total world silver output of 1/3 poured into China, accounting for about 353 million taels (conservatively estimated, it is now re-estimated at about 500 million taels). Two-thirds of the world's trade is related to China. This is just a step towards capitalism. And the Qing dynasty. . . I can't bear to mention it again. .
/kloc-almost all the silver plundered by Spanish colonists in South America in the 6th century finally flowed into China through trade. The money earned in the Ming Dynasty went to the Qing Dynasty because opium returned to foreigners. . .
Daoguang in the Qing court was very frugal and liked to wear patched clothes, but it cost four or two taels to make a patch. Four taels of silver is enough for ordinary people to buy n clothes. The emperor's spirit is commendable, and he is mentally ill. .
When the Southern Song Dynasty perished, Japan came to mourn the demise of the Great Song Dynasty. Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu built 7000 ships to attack, because of Japan's actions, the Japanese did not pay tribute. As a result, the fleet was destroyed by the storm, and the Japanese called this wind "kamikaze" from now on. The "Kamikaze Death Squad" in World War II came from this allusion. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, both Korea and Japan thought that China was dead. Since then, Japan has called China "zhina". After the Meiji Restoration, Japan, which thought China was orthodox, launched anti-Qing wars such as the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 under the banner of "xenophobia". During the Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, Japan and North Korea, as two subordinate foreign countries that sincerely dumped China civilization, were still biased against China due to the decline of the culture of the suzerain country. Due to the destruction of books in Qing Dynasty, professors from Chinese Department and History Department of China University often went to Japan and South Korea to consult China's ancient books, thus writing insightful papers on ancient literature and history. (History of mind, etc. )
Emperor Kangxi was at war with Russia. Obviously, the Qing army won, but the Qing army announced an unconditional ceasefire and stopped attacking the city to show its sincerity in negotiations. 1689 On September 7th (July 14th, 28th year of Kangxi), the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu was formally signed. The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is an unequal treaty signed by China and Russia on the basis of equality. If you win, you will give up your country. Gross!
Many experts in the Qing Dynasty and modern times advocated the goodness of the Qing Dynasty, thinking that the prosperous period of Kanggan was a great rule, that the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty saved the people of the Ming Dynasty, and that the Qing Dynasty greatly promoted the process of China civilization. Look at the works of writers such as Yan Chongnian and February River, and describe Kangxi as a god and the rule of emperors through the ages. Is it disgusting? How many literary inquisitions did Kangxi have in his life? It is these cruel literary prisons that destroy the self-esteem and backbone of literati. The bureaucrats in the Kangxi era were also very dark, and there were many books in February River. I think his original intention is to set off the wisdom of Kangxi, but it also reflects the corruption of the Qing Dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, emperors went out for the summer at least once a year, and some emperors liked to go out for a cruise. Every time, they have to spend a lot of wealth. Not all this wealth lies with the people, but did Emperor Song and Ming ever do it? The foreign wars of the Ming dynasty are always difficult to the end. The change of the civil fort made the Ming Dynasty prefer to change the emperor rather than give in. During the Ming Wuzong period, the imperial capital, the emperor of foreign wars, personally went to the front. Although this makes people feel ridiculous, it also shows that the Ming emperor's attitude towards war has no idea of peace talks at all. In the 7-year Wanli War, the army of a province fought fiercely with the Japanese army for 7 years until the Japanese army gave up. What about the Qing dynasty? How much land was cut by treaty of shimonoseki, the Sino-Japanese War Treaty and so on? This is because the country is too weak to win, but why is it weak and why was it strong in the Ming Dynasty? Isn't it caused by the difference of the ruling class?
Many people doubt the authenticity of China's historical materials. Indeed, there are many mistakes in many historical materials, but if we compare and analyze several historical materials, many mistakes can be corrected. If we only look at the drafts of Ming and Qing history, the conclusion is naturally that the Ming Dynasty is like a hell on earth and the Qing Dynasty is like a paradise. If we only look at the history of the Yuan Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty is simply infinitely weak.
I think the Qing Dynasty was the worst, and the Song Dynasty was much better than the Qing Dynasty.