Zhang Boling is Archimedes of China's education.
He thought that giving him a fulcrum-education can save the country: "I believe that saving the country lies in education" and "solving major world problems lies in education".
When the ideological circle held high the banner of socialism and politicized democracy and science, he firmly put them in socialized and industrialized education. He said, "Education is the best stock of a strong country."
Stocks are industrialized and should be issued to the society and supported by the industry. Distribute to the society and socialize education; Industrialize education with the support of industry. Socialization makes education independent; Industrialization makes education stand on its own feet.
The independence and self-improvement of education is the Archimedes point of Zhang Boling's salvation. Democracy and science can only start on this "fulcrum". Nankai new private school is a "starting" experiment.
"I'm not a beggar"
In order to make education independent, Zhang Boling gave up everything to "beg".
At the beginning of the school (1904), Yan Xiu, a city gentry, and Wang, a Tianjin businessman, helped the bank to set up 220 yuan a month. With the support of teacher Fan's reputation, Boling's fund-raising went smoothly.
Mr. Zheng Juru, a gentry, donated more than ten acres of depression in southwest Tianjin for the purpose of building a school. Tianjin people call the depression "Kai", hence the name "Nankai". The construction cost of the new school was donated by former principal Xu Shichang and others, totaling 26,000 yuan (both Xu Shichang and Yen Hsiu were imperial examiners). Yuan Shikai donated/kloc-0,000 yuan to build the auditorium, hence the name "Weiting Hall".
With the expansion of the school and the increase of expenses, Xu Shichang donated 200 taels of silver every month, and Yan Xiu's children's in-laws and Zhili judge Lu Muzhai allocated public funds to help them spend 100 taels of silver every month. Soon, Xu Shichang and Wang stopped donating money because of the war. Yan Jia's industry has also been implicated in Shanghai's "rubber stocks" and stopped donating money. Mr. Fu Yuanshu, an academic consultant (Editor's Note: Fu Zengxiang Ziyuanshu), merged two middle schools into Nankai, and the funds of the two schools were also allocated to Nankai, but the school was renamed as public Nankai Middle School, but it was still private.
At that time, the distinction between public and private schools was that "those who raised funds were called public middle schools, and those who contributed by one person were called private middle schools". Ling Bo wrote to Mr. Fan that Nankai Middle School had to avoid public funds temporarily because of private donations. Sun Fan learned that he borrowed all kinds of money to maintain the daily expenses of Nankai School and left the private school. Although the new private school will be embarrassed from time to time and there are many people to help, it will get better in the end. As soon as the proposal of establishing Nankai University came out (1965438+end of 2008-1965438+beginning of 2009), Xu Shichang and Li et al. Gave it special support. It is also planned to raise 6.5438+0.3 million yuan, with a monthly interest rate of 5%, to maintain the annual recurrent expenditure of the university. Yan and Zhang immediately went south to Nanjing, where they met Chun Li (word Xiushan), governor of Jiangsu Province, who was born in Tianjin to raise funds for services. During this trip to the south, I visited the military and political chiefs and education authorities in various provinces, and raised more than 85 thousand yuan from the ocean for the establishment, but the recurrent expenses of the university are still unfunded.
So, I went south for the second time and revisited Chun-Li on behalf of Mr. Fan. Because Chun-Li is seriously ill, we can't meet. He told people not to worry about raising money but to leave easily. He has his own way. Less than two weeks after Boling returned to Tianjin, Chun-Li committed suicide due to illness.
His will donated 500,000 yuan, a quarter of his family property, to Nankai University as a permanent fund. In the first year of the Republic of China, 2.8 million yuan of treasury bonds were paid, and the Ministry of Finance exchanged 6% of treasury bonds, with an actual income of 870,000 yuan. A total of 6,500 yuan of interest per month can be earned, which is consistent with the recurrent cost budget at the beginning of its establishment. The fund was launched according to the proposal, but Berlin did not slack off and attracted the Rockefeller Foundation of the United States. The foundation hopes to donate money to two private universities in China. After investigation, it was determined that the donors were Southeast University and Nankai University, and the amount of donations was 250,000 yuan each, provided that the state allocated half of the donations.
When Bo Fang Ling was in trouble, Mrs. Yuan Taifu, Yuan Shikai's aunt, was very anxious and ordered her son Yuan Shuzhi to make a guarantee. At that time, Yan Xiuwei failed to defend Yuan Shikai and resigned angrily. Yuan remembered it in his heart. When he made a comeback, he gave Yan Xiu a sum of money. It's very kind of you to refuse. Yan Xiu used the money to buy shares in his pancreas company. Later, the Yuan family fell, and the livelihood of their children depended on this fund. Yuan Jia is very grateful to Yan Xiu who actively participated in Nankai Project.
Siyuantang, Nankai Experimental Building, has a physics laboratory downstairs, a biology laboratory in the middle and a chemistry laboratory upstairs, which was also built with a donation of 65,438+10,000 yuan from Mrs. Yuan. So "Siyuan" is also "Siyuan".
1923 65438+in February, at Mrs. Yuan's memorial service, she said, "Mrs. Yuan's education is not as much as that of ordinary new women, but her spirit of educating her children and serving the society may not be as good as that of ordinary women. Modern women have far more opportunities for education than Mrs. Yuan. If they can get the spirit of Mrs. Yuan, why should China suffer in the future? " (Nankai Weekly, No.79)
Yuan Shuzhi was kind and donated 70,000 yuan. Although this figure is less than half, Ling Bo finally dared to meet the conditions of the Rockefeller Foundation. Since the Rockefeller Foundation entered the school, a school has built more weather and facilities on campus than at this time.
Board of Directors of China Education Fund sent staff to investigate. Nankai Middle School received a grant of 6.5438+0.5 million yuan, and decided to allocate 6.5438+0.5 million yuan to colleges and universities in three years to expand science, and then allocate 60,000 yuan.
Lu Muzhai personally donated 654.38 million yuan to build the library of Nankai University. Zhang Xueliang also pledged 200,000 yuan to Nankai University Fund. The original university public assistance fund was paid by Hebei Financial Commissioner's Office, with a monthly payment of 20,000 yuan. After the cancellation of the office, the Ministry of Finance will allocate funds from the central bank on a monthly basis. This fund is also the main source of recurrent expenditure of the school. So far, the funding sources of Nankai series schools and ministries are basically stable.
It is worth noting that the Beiyang government supported new private schools during the Republic of China. To be independent, education should not only win the support of various social funds at home and abroad, but also win the support of the government, especially when the government is in transition from autocracy to democracy or in the name of democracy.
With the development of the school, the funding problem is still worrying, and Bo Ling is still like an old monk. He said: "I often can't raise money for the school." Speaking of the embarrassment of "unprepared", I sighed: I am not a beggar.
"Dung water" and flowers
Nankai, this new flower of private schools, has finally blossomed. Located in Tianjin, it is the cultural distribution center of "Gong Yu" and the political backyard of Beijing. The so-called "residence" refers to the warlords and politicians who came from Beijing, the relatives of the Qing dynasty, and all kinds of old people and young people during the Beiyang government. They live in seclusion in Tianjin Concession, seemingly idle at home, living a rich and carefree life, but secretly they still manipulate the political situation in Beijing and influence the politics, economy and culture of Tianjin. They sat in Tianjin, their eyes fixed on Beijing.
"Gong Yu" has a deep relationship with Mr. Sun Fan. Ling Bo raised money among them like a duck to water. When Nankai University was founded, Mason Lee, Governor of Jiangsu Province, mentioned in his congratulatory message: "This was put forward by two gentlemen, and President Li, President Feng, President Xu Da, Governor Cao, Governor Yan, Governor Meng, Governor Chen and Governor Cao all supported it. Pure and eager to follow. " (Chun-Li: Congratulations on the formal establishment of Nankai University, with school spiritNo. 13 1,19165438+1October 27th. For Nankai, they are not involved in political feelings, nor do they have personal tendencies. In exchange, Mr. Ling Bo regarded Nankai as a pure land, which awakened their personal dignity and sense of social responsibility. According to preliminary statistics, in the ocean, the warlords donated more than 6.5438+0.5 million yuan to Nankai.
When many national universities and government agencies are in financial difficulties due to the lack of normal funding from local governments and the state treasury, Nankai can maintain the situation through donation income, fund donation and private funding.
But young students don't think so They advised President Zhang to "get rid of the bad money of warlords". Every time this happens, he calmly smiles and says: beautiful flowers are not as good as manure. This metaphor is unfair, but it is also helpless. The names of warlords always seem to be associated with war and sealed by our historical view. Today, we might as well open the seal, review the history, and then answer: why did a new democratic and scientific culture emerge under the rule of Beiyang government?
Beiyang only has military and political affairs, and military and political affairs have no culture, but both can be accepted. Nanjing has party governance and culture, which will inevitably merge and make culture ideological. Therefore, under the rule of the party, culture has degenerated. Take Cai Yuanpei as an example. He was an educator and thinker in Peking University during the Beiyang Government. During the period of Nanjing government, officials were very important. They were important members of the party in power, but were they still educators and thinkers?
Looking at the culture of Beiyang period from this angle, we can see the other side. For example, Beiyang government also supports Nankai New Private School. Beiyang government temporarily sheltered Nankai Middle School with public funds and privatized it once conditions were ripe, while Chiang Kai-shek wanted to nationalize Nankai University. One is unconsciously supporting educational independence, and the other is intentionally prohibiting educational independence. Just like asking Cai Yuanpei to be the dean of the academy, Chiang Kai-shek asked Zhang Boling to be the dean of the examination institute; Just as Cai Yuanpei's thought of freedom was abolished by the Party, he wanted to abolish Zhang Boling by the official standard.
But Mr. Ling Bo is "tired of talking about politics", and his political ideal is to run industry first and then talk about politics. Use industrial money to run politics, not political money to buy off parliamentarians. This pre-political industry is his political dream. He took the warlord's money and trained talents for the country independently. Isn't that politics?
Nankai's "Heaven"
Nankai University's capital source 10, of which self-operated income is 5. The combination of fund-raising and self-management has created an independent educational entity and its industrialized school-running model. This model represents the trend of modern education to modern education.
1925 Liu baizhao, a special correspondent of the Ministry of education, visited Nankai and concluded: "as far as public and private schools in China are concerned, all schools can be regarded as the first." Boling traveled around, begging for the wealth of the world, seeking educational independence, and seeking educational independence by self-employment. Nankai's 20-year income and expenditure statement divides school income into five major items, three of which are self-operated income. This year's rental interest and miscellaneous income actually exceeded one-third of tuition income.
Since the establishment of Nankai Middle School, tuition has been the main income of the school. Due to the abundant students and high tuition fees, Mr. Ling Bo said frankly: "It is not an exaggeration to hear that this school is an aristocratic school." However, Nankai is compatible with poor students and supports free students with "trial students". "Heaven, the damage is more than enough, but the strength is insufficient." "Trial students" can enter the school without examination, but the accommodation fee should be doubled. After a one-year probation period, if you pass the exam, you will become a formal student. If you fail, you will have to pay a new fee before you can continue your studies. Although the tuition fee is high, Nankai does not rely on tuition fees to make a profit, but makes tuition fees break even.
At that time, many private universities in China were supported by students' tuition. For example, in the Republic of China University in Beiping, most of the students failed to enter the national universities, and the number is quite large. There are also some universities with ulterior motives, which Mr. Ling Bo said: "Most of them are for distributing boxer indemnity that countries want to return to China." If you want to make a fortune by running a private school in such a rush, it will certainly not last long. Educational independence is the ideal of modernization, and educational independence is the requirement of modernization. Nankai new private school has taken an industrialized road from pursuing the ideal of modernization to adapting to the requirements of modernization.
Orientation of "Big Factory"
On modern education in China, there are two people who keep pace: Cai Yuanpei completed the modernization transformation of traditional education in China, and Zhang Boling initiated the modernization of modern education in China; Cai Yuanpei made modern education in China surpass traditional political culture, and Zhang Boling explored the road of industrialization for modern education in China.
They left two precious legacies: Cai Yuanpei's tradition of "freedom of thought and inclusiveness" and Zhang Boling's industrialized education route.
What is the route of industrial education? Ling Bo said: Foreign schools are like big factories, and students are like the products of factories. The educational policy of the school depends on the needs of the society. That is, education is the body and industry is the use.
The school management adopts the board system commonly used by enterprises, with nine directors in charge of universities and middle schools. The principal is appointed by the board of directors, and there is a director in the university department and a director in the middle school department, who is recommended by the principal and approved by the board of directors. The functions and powers of the board of directors are to raise funds, decide budgets and review final accounts. The formulation and revision of the school's articles of association are passed by the board of directors, and it is also decided by the board of directors to issue graduation certificates and confer degrees to students.
Taking this as a model, the affiliated colleges, departments and institutes of Nankai University also raised their own funds and set up their own boards of directors. Xu Shichang, Wang, Fan Jingsheng, Li Xiushan, etc. Li Zushen, Fan Xudong and other big businessmen who donated money to establish Nankai University have all served as school directors and department directors. In addition, some scholars and celebrities, with their fame and experience, have served as directors of Nankai University, such as independent directors of enterprises such as Jiang Menglin, Ding Wenjiang and Wu Daquan.
Cultivating national "financial resources" with practical learning
The discipline construction of Nankai University is pragmatic.
Nankai's "localization" thought is not only practical, but also practical. Practical learning, of course, is the "practical learning" that Mr. Ling Bo called "ruling the country by literature, strengthening the country by reason and enriching the country by business". This is his "pragmatism" ambition to save the country.
After the expansion of the university, the three subjects of literature, science and business were changed to the third hospital, with departments of history, politics, economy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, business, accounting, statistics, banking and so on 1 1. Soon, the Department of Economics of the Original College developed into the School of Economics. The Faculty of Arts consists of English Department, Political Department and Philosophy Education Department. The School of Economics offers departments of agricultural economics, industrial management, transportation, economic history, statistics and economic research. The Faculty of Science has also added departments of medicine, electrical engineering and chemical engineering.
This kind of subject setting tends to be practical, and the trained talents also tend to be practical. Ling Bo found in America that their greatest development is financial resources. So he believes that the purpose of education is to cultivate "financial resources" for the country. And each of his students should be the "financial resources" of the country.
From science college to engineering college, science education is becoming more and more "financial". From the College of Arts to the College of Economics, liberal arts education also tends to be "financialized". At that time, education in China was still in the process of modernization, and there were many critics of the industrialized education route. Some people say that "Nankai University has liberal arts but no Chinese department" because "Zhang Boling doesn't know how to write" and Nankai "doesn't pay attention to Chinese", which makes the whole school vulgar and uneducated. Some people say, "Zhang Boling's emphasis on practicality is to drag science from a lofty position into the dust. Zhang Boling is only worthy of being a vocational middle school principal, not a university principal. "
Is that really the case? This is obviously a misunderstanding. Liang Qichao should take the lead in establishing an "Oriental Culture Institute" in Nankai, but unfortunately he failed to do so. Mr. Fan visited and asked him to give a lecture on Chinese studies, but he never came out again. As for "science", it is even more "not seeing Mount Tai". In private universities in China, there are not many disciplines, because science is "not cost-effective". However, Mr. Ke Boling believes that science is the foundation, and not only the rise of scientific ideas and the transformation of traditional culture depend on science, but also scientific ideas should be transformed into "financial resources".
It is in the cultivation of "financial resources" that democracy and scientific ideas are firmly established by him.
Nankai "goods"
Nankai's biggest "financial source" is students.
Ling Bo jokingly called students "goods", and he was confident in Nankai "goods": the talents trained by Nankai "factory" were useful to the society and had great prospects. "Tanggu Li Yong (Li Yong Alkali Industry Company) and Jiuda (Jiuda Salt Industry Company) have approved our goods." "Our Nankai factory creates talents, with less local sales and more foreign sales." "Enrich our factory and train students to go everywhere."
To this end, he personally promoted and opened up markets for his "commodities". Huaxi Company hired him as the director, and he readily agreed, "to sell goods from universities and middle schools". His "goods" are getting bigger and bigger: "In a few years, when they grow up, our goods will sell better." He appealed: "train students to go to various places, especially in the southwest!" " "
At an opening ceremony, he said: There are many new students. Why did you come? I thought I wanted something. What do you want? If you want to work, more than 90% of goods in Nankai are employed. When students majoring in chemical engineering graduate, "everyone has the opportunity to choose two or three careers." As for business graduates, Nankai has made great contributions to ICBC, so "every year, NTU graduates, especially business graduates, all apply for the exam before graduation". What is the quality of such a tight Nankai "goods"?
Wu Dayou, a famous physicist, said that two of the six presidents of Academia Sinica were educated in Nankai. Academia Sinica elected the first academician of China. Of the 865,438+0 people, 9 are from Nankai: Jiang Lifu, (Mathematics), Rao Yutai (Physics), (Economics), Tang Yongtong (Philosophy), (Archaeology), Xiao Gongchuan (History) and Tao (Sociology). Later, Mei Yiqi and others were elected as academicians of Taiwan Province Province. Such "goods" are more than "financial resources"? This is a national treasure.
Democratized "tumbler"
Ling Bo called himself a "tumbler". "If you don't fall, you can get up again if you fall." .
What does "recovery" depend on? Through democracy. During his visit to the United States, he found that the first essence of education is democracy. Therefore, together with Mr. Sun Fan, shareholder democracy was established in Nankai. Nankai is a private school with investors as shareholders and has the qualification of "person" in Nankai. Ling Bo said, "Although Mr. Xu is the principal, he is still the old manager of our school. He is also a citizen." "People", here, are limited, and are no longer "infinite".
Nankai new private school, that is, starting from shareholder democracy, is a gradual democracy. First, the democracy of shareholders' deliberation, then the democracy of professors' governance, and then the democracy of students' autonomy. After the school democratic system is completed, it will expand from schools to all walks of life and be promoted to the national government. This is a practical experimental method of China's political democratization. The "people" of the shareholder system advocated by Mr. Ling Bo are firstly investors. He welcomed such "people" and became the "democracy"-"master" of Nankai. At that time, private schools collapsed, but the reason for the failure of Nankai was democratization. He hopes that the more people there are in Nankai, the better. If there are more people, there will be no failure.
Mr. Ling Bo holds high the banner of "private ownership", and every time he encounters a crisis, he saves the day with democracy. When Mr. Sun Fan privately owned Nankai with his own financial resources, he never privately owned Nankai. When Mr. Ling Bo addressed Mr. Sun Fan as "the father of Nankai University", he was talking not only about the founder, but also about democratization. Bo Lingyan: "A private school is not a private school." This language not only comes from their hearts, but also represents the purpose of Nankai New Private School. (Note: According to Mr. Chen Mingyuan's research, the purchasing power of 1900 1 silver dollar is about RMB 70 yuan today; 19 1 1 year 1 silver dollar is about RMB 50 yuan today; 1926 1 silver dollar is about RMB 40 yuan today; 1936 1 silver dollar today is about RMB 30 yuan. )(P 1 15659 1)
Yan Xiu
Yan Xiu, a native of Tianjin, was a scholar in the 10th year of Guangxu (1884). He used to be the editor of Hanlin Academy, assistant minister of learning politics in Guizhou, and retired from politics after the failure of constitutionalism in the late Qing Dynasty. He believes that the New Deal is difficult to govern the country, so it is better to do the experiment of "managing the family properly" first, and thus the new private school in Nankai was born. After the "Gengzi Incident", the New Deal broke out again. Influenced by it, Yuan Shikai contacted Zhang Zhidong and others and asked them to abolish the imperial examination system. Finally succeeded, so let him supervise Zhili, just as Yuan and Zhang entered the cabinet, and wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy in China. So, he asked Yan Xiu to represent the department. Drawing lessons from Japanese experience, Yan Xiu established academic system, founded schools, compiled textbooks and formulated educational policies, which opened the road of modern education in China.
After the Revolution of 1911, Yuan Shikai asked him for help in handling state affairs several times, especially to succeed Cai Yuanpei as Minister of Education, which was declined by Yan Xiu. Since the May 4th Movement, Beiyang government tried to replace Cai as the president of Peking University, but it was rejected.
Yan's family has two branches, the north one is selling salt, and the south one is opening a bank in Ningbo and Shanghai. After the collapse of Yanshi Bank, the salt industry was affected. Yan Xiu reorganized the family industry and transformed it into a modern industry. Since then, Yan's investment has turned to industry. Therefore, the purpose of running a school is to advocate practical learning of industrialization.
zhang boling
Zhang Boling, whose real name is Shouchun, is from Tianjin and a Christian. I study in Beiyang Naval Academy. After graduating from school, he was sent to Beiyang Navy for internship, which coincided with the Sino-Japanese War. After experiencing failure and humiliation, he decided to retire. Many years later, he is still grateful: I am so lucky to meet Mr. Yan () ... Mr. Yan can be said to be a saint today. He decided to follow Mr. Fan and start a new private school. He founded private Nankai Middle School, Nankai University, Nankai Girls' Middle School and Nankai Primary School before his death, and served as the president of Nankai Middle School and University for 44 years.
In order to prepare for Nankai University, Mr. Ling Bo went to Columbia University to study pedagogy. Like Hu Shi, he was fortunate to be a disciple of the American pragmatic philosopher Dewey. Hu Shi used pragmatism in academic research and in running schools. The essence of pragmatism is actually what Hu Shi said: talk less about doctrine and study more problems. This is for learning, but for those who do things, it is not enough to study more problems, but also to solve them. Zhang Boling is a problem solver.
How easy is it to solve this problem? Therefore, in his life, he only did one thing, and that was education.