During the period of 1990, great changes have taken place in China's education system, allowing private capital to re-enter the education field.
preschool education
Preschool education in China generally begins at the age of 3, and kindergartens are divided into small classes (3-4 years old), middle classes (4-5 years old) and large classes (5-6 years old).
In some kindergartens and primary schools, there are also "preschool classes" to educate children under 6 to adapt to school life. Kindergarten life includes three meals a day, mainly games; Preschool classes are similar to school classes, but the time is short and there are many outdoor activities.
Primary school (primary school)
In most parts of China, primary schools in China are divided into six years, but in some provinces, primary schools are five years. Generally speaking, grades one to three are considered as "lower grades", that is, the basic stage of primary school, and grades four to six are considered as "upper grades", that is, the expansion stage of primary school. During these six years, students usually study the following courses: morality and life, morality and society, Chinese, mathematics, English, sports and health, science, music, art and information technology. But in fact, because there is no unified examination when primary school graduates, it is difficult to guarantee the quality of other courses except Chinese, mathematics and English. Primary schools in rural areas generally only offer Chinese, mathematics and physical education.
Middle school (junior high school)
In urban areas, there are generally three ways to enter junior high schools: "computer allocation", "divided classes" and "choosing schools". Computer allocation refers to the random allocation of students to junior high schools in the area where primary schools belong. This method has not found cheating so far, and it depends entirely on luck. Many times, because there is no junior high school with better teachers near the primary school, parents usually choose to choose a school. And "choosing a school" means that you can pay a "sponsorship fee" to the school or enter the school through the entrance examination of the school. "According to the distinction" is to allocate junior high schools according to the students' addresses, that is to say, which junior high school is closer to their home.
In the 1990s, the "junior high school entrance examination", that is, the examination from primary school to junior high school, was gradually abolished in urban areas. This method is still used in rural areas and some cities. This is because there are only one or two junior high schools in a county in many areas. However, junior high school education is not completely free, and these costs are relatively high for low-income rural residents, resulting in a small number of rural students being forced to stop their studies after graduating from primary school and go to work in agriculture or wait until they are older (this happened more often in underdeveloped inland areas in the 1990s. After entering the 2 1 century, China's financial investment in education has increased, and regional economic development has now eased. Legally speaking, these are illegal, but in fact, due to the lack of tax support and insufficient financial allocation from higher authorities, local governments are unable to support huge education expenditures.
Junior high school students are required to study the following courses: ideology and morality, Chinese, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, history, politics, geography, biology, physical education and health, information technology, music and art. In some areas, courses are offered in Japanese or Russian instead of English. In some cities in some provinces that have implemented curriculum reform, such as Guangdong Province and Shandong Province, junior high school courses are: ideology and morality, Chinese, mathematics, English, science, history and society, sports and health, information technology, music and fine arts. The single subjects of physics, chemistry, geography, biology and history were cancelled and merged into two subjects of "science" and "history and society"; Moreover, the senior high school entrance examination only takes five subjects: Chinese, Mathematics, English, Science, History and Society.
Since the 1990s, some junior high schools have cancelled graduation exams. Students can graduate as long as the final scores of all courses are above the passing line (60% of the total scores) within three years, and they have not been punished or cancelled. In fact, students often drop out of school voluntarily or seriously violate school discipline and laws, and rarely drop out of school for other reasons. Students in the ninth grade (grade three) will face the junior high school entrance examination, which is the senior high school entrance examination. In the 1990s and 20th century, the subjects of junior high school exams were Chinese (120), mathematics (120), English (120), physics (70), chemistry (70) and physical education (30), with a full score of 530. However, at present, most coastal provinces and cities and some inland areas also use self-made examination papers in different degrees in prefecture-level cities and even county-level cities, and the proportion of scores in various subjects in the senior high school entrance examination fluctuates over the years, such as the computer (information technology) examination in some areas.
In the last year of junior high school, although the relevant education authorities explicitly prohibit it, basically all junior high schools will end their courses ahead of schedule and use holidays (even weekends) to set up remedial classes to ensure a high proportion of further studies.
See: China people and the national examination.
1980s, graduation examination and senior high school entrance examination were combined into one. In other words, if you fail in the senior high school entrance examination, you can't graduate. Even if there is a high school admission, you will not be able to enter high school on the grounds of "dropping out of junior high school", which is commonly known as quitting the file, that is, returning the student status file. Since the early 1990s, graduation and entrance examinations have been separated.
Senior middle school (senior high school)
Students who graduated from junior high school have several choices, they can go to senior high school to prepare for entering the university in the future; You can also go directly to secondary specialized schools and vocational middle schools. After graduating from technical secondary school and vocational high school, you can get employment directly or re-enter vocational high school. Technical secondary schools and vocational high schools have all kinds of majors. At the county level, if agriculture is developed, it is a major in agriculture, animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, while in cities, computers, commerce and other categories are complete, and kindergarten teachers are also junior colleges, and graduates can be teachers in kindergartens. Due to the high cost of college education after high school (generally 4000 yuan to 6000 yuan a year), most poor families will choose to send their children to vocational schools, so that they can finish their studies early, work immediately and have independent economic ability.
In urban areas, senior middle schools are more popular because most families want their children to enter universities for higher education. Usually, students need to get good grades in the senior high school entrance examination before they can enter key high schools. Like junior high schools, the government usually does not allow schools to use high-level words such as "key middle schools" for school promotion, and also prohibits other institutions from "queuing" for senior high schools. The "model school" named by the education department through supervision and evaluation is actually a "key middle school". Moreover, in the process of supervision and evaluation, a considerable number of schools will do some face-saving projects in order to pass the hardware inspection, such as building swimming pools, but many schools will no longer use them after passing the inspection; Some schools even require schools to lie when answering relevant questions, so as to evaluate cheating through supervision. For example, when you are asked whether the school has violated the rules during the weekend and holiday tutoring, even if the school has such a situation, students will be forced to deny it uniformly.
In the three years of high school study, senior one is the basic stage, senior two is the transitional stage, and senior three is the preparation stage. The subjects that students need to study are: Chinese, mathematics, English (Russian or Japanese is studied or selected in some areas), physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history, ideology and politics, physical education and health, and information technology (general technology and research study are added in some areas). Senior one will study some courses. After the final exam of senior one, students need to decide whether to study science or liberal arts in senior two and senior three, which determines the type of papers students use in the college entrance examination. Under normal circumstances, students need to pass the graduation examination of information technology, geography and history in senior one (national examination, generally provincial unified examination). After the second year of high school, if you choose science, you must study Chinese, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, biology and physical education. Liberal arts should learn Chinese, mathematics, English, politics, history and geography. Senior two students need to pass the graduation examination (HKCEE) in physics, chemistry and biology. The liberal arts papers in these three subjects are easier than the science papers. However, in some areas, there is cheating in this graduation exam. After the division, students will major in Chinese, mathematics and English, while science will also have physics, chemistry and biology, corresponding to the comprehensive examination paper of science in the college entrance examination; The liberal arts are ideological politics, history and geography, corresponding to the comprehensive examination paper of liberal arts in the college entrance examination.
* Note: The above three-year period is adopted by regular provinces and cities. Nowadays, with the changes in the examination papers and forms of independent college entrance examinations in various provinces and cities, some schools are also changing their teaching arrangements.
Full-time teaching in ordinary high schools in China, the Education Bureau stipulates that weekends are rest days. However, most schools, including most demonstration schools, fail to ensure that students have enough rest time, and stipulate that students must study by themselves early, study by themselves at night and make up lessons on Saturday. Among them, early self-study requires students to enter the classroom at least 1 hour in advance in the morning, and late self-study requires students to stay at school for at least 2 hours after school, and even requires students to stay until 2 1:00~22:00 in the evening (semi-boarding and boarding schools are common, and some classes will stipulate that students who do not stay in school will study at night). Tuition on Saturday is usually half a day or a day, and Sunday is usually a rest. However, a few schools still require students to attend half-day tutoring on Sunday, or even take a day off after several weeks of continuous study. However, there has been a lot of controversy about the fees and regulations for evening self-study and remedial classes. Many schools usually say that these make-up classes are voluntary when they add evening self-study classes or make-up classes on Saturdays, but they use Saturday evening self-study classes or make-up classes to make up for the lack of course time, resulting in the situation that students have to attend classes without attending classes, but they have to pay extra.
Students in high school have heavy study, great pressure, long hours and lack of rest. Their study goal is the college entrance examination. Some schools illegally implement the above-mentioned remedial measures, and the educated students' academic performance is high, prompting the relevant departments to supervise the schools lax, and some education departments will ignore the complaints and help cover up the facts. However, in some schools, especially students in developed coastal areas, small-scale conflicts will occur from time to time between schools and students.
Education in China will teach students with high grades, but their childhood is generally restricted. Because of their efforts in a competitive environment, they put too much emphasis on the development of intellectual education in their studies, which will directly lead to some phenomena of "high scores but low energy" (referring to good test scores but lack of necessary practical operation ability), as well as the phenomenon that students drop out of school and skip classes because of loose management of university education at the university level. The most common phenomenon is that most college students have been taking exams.
(College Entrance Examination: National College Entrance Examination)
The full name of the college entrance examination is the national unified examination for enrollment of ordinary colleges and universities. It is a selection examination from secondary education to higher education, and it is also considered as a high school entrance examination. College entrance examination is considered as the most important examination in the whole education system. From the resumption of the college entrance examination to 2003, the college entrance examination was held in July. From 2003, it was changed to early June, usually from June 7 to June 8, even if there was SARS epidemic that year. In recent years, it has been reported by Beijing Education Examinations Institute that the college entrance examination will be changed to the first weekend of June every year. Since 2007, the new curriculum reform has been implemented in basic education, and some provinces and regions have implemented a new examination mode of "3+X+ 1", in which "1" is a brand-new examination subject-"Basic Ability Test", and the examination time is scheduled for the morning of June 9.
Generally speaking, the difficulty of the college entrance examination varies from province to province. Although some provinces are slightly easier than municipalities directly under the central government, it is actually difficult for non-municipalities to enter key universities because of the "score barrier" (referring to the phenomenon that universities in municipalities directly under the central government charge lower scores than foreign students). Invisibly increased the difficulty of exams in other provinces and cities.
Generally speaking, the papers are Chinese (150), English (150), science mathematics (150), liberal arts mathematics (150), liberal arts synthesis (300) and science synthesis (300). Chinese and English papers are the same regardless of whether the students are liberal arts students or science students. In mathematics, liberal arts mathematics papers are easier than science mathematics papers. In addition, liberal arts students should take a comprehensive examination of liberal arts and science students should take a comprehensive examination of science. So the full mark of the test paper is (150+150+150+300 = 750). Full score of basic ability 100, 60% is included in the total score of college entrance examination. At the same time, adjust the full score of the comprehensive examination of arts and sciences to 240, and ensure that the total score of the college entrance examination remains unchanged at 750.
higher education
Higher education includes higher vocational colleges, junior colleges (2-3 years) and undergraduate courses (4 years). Higher vocational and junior college graduates have no degrees.
You can get a bachelor's degree after graduation.
After graduation, you can take part in the national postgraduate entrance examination for further study. Among them, the admitted students can choose to go to graduate school or graduate schools of various universities.
Candidates who take the national postgraduate entrance examination must register online first, and then register on the spot according to the unit where the candidates work. The registration fee is 200 yuan RMB. Candidates can only fill in one volunteer, one major and one research direction when registering. The examination is divided into two stages: initial examination and second examination:
The subjects to be tested in the initial examination are political theory (100), English (100) and mathematics (150), in which mathematics includes one, two and three, and the mathematics tested in different research directions is different), and the specialized course (150) is Among them, some science majors (such as chemistry, physics, etc. ) and master of laws do not need to take math, but they must take two different specialized courses, namely, specialized course 1 and specialized course 2. Political theory, English and mathematics are all national postgraduate entrance examination propositions, but specialized courses are independent propositions for candidates to apply for colleges. Candidates who pass the preliminary examination can take part in the second interview. If you don't pass the school's initial test, candidates can take part in the second test through adjustment.
In the re-examination stage, candidates will be interviewed by the tutor in the research direction they applied for, and the candidates who participated in the interview will be ranked according to the results of the preliminary examination and take part in the re-examination in turn. Candidates can register at the school after passing the initial and second examinations.
It takes 2.5 to 3 years to get a master's degree, and then a doctor.
After having a master's degree, it usually takes three to four years to study for a doctorate. There is no need for exams after master's degree, but some colleges will still set up doctoral entrance exams.
There are also many colleges and universities that are direct students, that is, after graduating from undergraduate courses, it only takes five years to study for a doctorate. However, if you drop out of school or want to drop out of school and do not meet the requirements for doctoral graduation, there will be no doctoral degree certificate and master's degree certificate.
In China's graduate education, there are generally no grants or other state-funded graduate students, and most of them study at their own expense. However, some graduate students from national key training institutions can get grants, and the average price is 400 yuan/month for Master and 800 yuan/month for Doctor. Of course, if the tutor has a project outside, the grant for graduate students will be higher than the average price. Graduate students studying in the Institute of China Academy of Sciences generally receive a grant of 1000 yuan/month to 2,000 yuan/month.
adult education
Adult education refers to the whole organized education process, whether formal or informal, regardless of its content, level and methods, whether it continues or replaces primary education conducted by schools and universities, and apprenticeship training in enterprises. Through this educational process, people who are regarded as adults in society can increase their abilities, enrich their knowledge, improve their technical and professional qualifications, or turn them to a new direction, thus changing their attitudes and behaviors in two aspects: their all-round development and their participation in the balanced and independent development of social economy and culture.