The man (subject) caught the boy (object) by the hand. The man grabbed the boy's hand.
Nice to see her again. If I can see her again, it will be a happy thing.
The object is the receiver of the action, usually placed after the transitive verb, but sometimes it can be placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis. There are nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, prepositional phrases, clauses and so on. Can be used as an object, for example:
He kicked the door. He (the subject) kicks the door (the door is the receiver and object of the action).
Are you really going to swim? Are you really going swimming?
The function of predicate is to express the characteristics, status and identity of the subject. It can be said to be a supplement to the main body. It is located after the connecting verb, forming the so-called system table structure. In the system table structure, connecting verbs are predicates in form, while real market predicates can be predicates, including nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds and participles.
It's a pity that Nancy can't come to the party.
Unfortunately, Nancy can't; Come to the party.
The new (subject) is (connecting verb) true (predicative). The news is true.
Word segmentation
Word segmentation is a compulsory content of TOEEL, which occupies a considerable proportion in previous test questions. The propositional forms of word segmentation are very extensive. Evenly distributed in written expression and structure. Sometimes, even if word segmentation is not the focus of the topic, correct word segmentation analysis can help candidates choose the right answer. The proposition points of word segmentation focus on (1) adjective features of word segmentation, (2) word segmentation phrases as post-attributes, and (3) active and passive meanings of present and past word segmentation.
Types of common problems in word segmentation and their solutions;
1. participle has the characteristics of adjectives and can be used as an attribute or predicate alone.
Analysis of all real examples
Ernest, a respected zoologist, has just joined the management Committee of the marine biological laboratory.
[Answer] The verb "respect" is used to modify the noun "zoologist" behind it, so it should be replaced by the participle "respect", which is equivalent to an adjective as an attribute.
(2) A patent grants the inventor the exclusive right to his invention for a fixed period of time. (90. 1)
[A] C modifies the word period in the participle form of verbs, that is, fixed.
(3) The visual art is characterized by carefully arranged colors and geometric patterns, creating visual illusions. (88.5)
[Answer] A modifies the noun hues and uses the participle form arranged.
(4) The origin of the moon is not only interesting in itself, but also interesting as a part of the larger origin of the earth and the solar system. (88.5)
[answer] B interest uses its interesting form of participle as a predicative, which is equivalent to a hollow word.
2. Partitioned phrases are used as attributes and placed after the central noun.
The key points of solving problems participle phrases as post-attributives appear frequently in TOEEL test questions. Therefore, candidates must memorize this structure and usage. In fact, participle phrases are used as postattributives. Are all ellipsis forms of attributive clauses.
Analysis of all real examples
(1) The leaves and stems of the alfa plants are the only parts of the plants-
(a) Use of livestock feed
(b) Use of livestock feed
(c) Used as livestock feed.
(d) They are used as livestock feed (93. 1)
[Answer] A participle phrase consisting of c past participle used+ intermediate phrase modifies the former noun component the only parts of the plant as a post attribute. This structure also extends to attributive clauses used for livestock feed.
(2) The slide rule uses a sliding rule with marked numbers and their logarithm.
(a) representative
(b) Be represented.
(c) being represented.
(d) They represent (92. 10)
[Answer] A participle phrase, as a postattributive of noun markers, acts as an attributive clause: which represent numbers and their logarithm.
(3) Early philosophers believed that the mind was divided into three senses-feeling, intelligence and will.
(1) Understand
(b) known
know
(d) Get to know them (94. 1)
[Answer] The participle phrase B called … explains the three functions of the preceding noun. This structure can be rewritten as an attributive clause. This is called ...
The bison in North America are famous for their humps on their shoulders, and are often called buffaloes. (9 1. 1)
[Answer] The subject of this sentence A is bison, the predicate is copula is, and the underlined part A should be a participle phrase to modify the noun bison. You should change to known.
(5) louisa may alcott is remembered mainly for his little women. One of the most popular books for girls ever (88.5)
[Answer] D modifies the noun books and uses participles.
3. Divide phrases into adverbials
When the meaning of a sentence is very clear, adverbial clauses can usually be abbreviated into word phrases, but there is a prerequisite. The logical subject of this participle phrase should be the same person or thing as the subject of the sentence, and such participle phrase is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence.
Analysis of all real examples
(1)—— As a "census taker of the sky", Annie Jump Cannon has made great contributions in the field of astronomy.
(1) It is known
know
(three) to the known
Knowledge (92.5 points)
[Answer] Put a participle phrase at the beginning of the sentence as an adverbial of identity. Its logical subject is the subject of the sentence Annie Jump Cannon.
②—— 1635, Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in America.
(1) Establishment
(b) Create
(c) Establishment of
(d) Established (92. 1)
[Answer] A participle phrase indicates time, and its logical subject is Boston Latin School, the subject of the sentence.
(3)-The Constitution of Cherokee stipulates a Chief Executive, a Senate and a House of Representatives.
(a) In 1827, they drafted.
(b) Draft in1827
(c) drafted in 1872.
(d) drafted in 1827 (90.5)
[Answer] D participle phrases are adverbials, indicating time. This structure can be extended to adverbial clauses; The Constitution of Cherokee was drafted in 1827, which stipulated the Chief Executive, the Senate and the House of Representatives.
4. The present participle expresses the concept of initiative; The past participle expresses the passive concept.
Analysis of all real examples
Sugar ray robinson tried to be the best boxer of his time, losing only three of the 37 matches (94. 1).
[Answer] A This participle phrase has a passive relationship with its logical subject, sugar Ray Robinson (sugar is judged as …), so the word tud in the past tense should be applied.
(2) During the colonial period, the Iroquois' agricultural economy was mainly corn, supplemented by pumpkin, beans and tobacco. (92. 1)
[Answer] B Usually we say to be based on, which means passive concept (based on, based on …), so we should use the past participle based instead.
(3) Per capita income is the total income of a country divided by its population. (90. 10)
[Answer] B According to the meaning of the sentence and the preposition by, it can be inferred that this participle phrase expresses a passive concept, so the past participle is used to divide by.
Clementine Hunt's original paintings have been exhibited in various art galleries. Including one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. DC (93. 1)
[Answer] The D participle in cluding has no passive relationship with its logical subject drawing, so the past participle should not be used, but the present participle phrase+noun object in cluding should be used.
Prepositions are words used to express the relationship between words and sentences. You can't be a sentence component alone in a sentence. Prepositions are usually followed by a noun pronoun or other parts of speech, phrases or clauses equivalent to nouns as objects. A preposition and its object form a prepositional phrase, which is used as an adverbial, predicative, complement or prepositional object in a sentence.