1, point defect

There are three kinds: dislocation, hole and impurity.

Dislocation defect (also called interstitial ion): Some particles in the mineral lattice are not in the normal position.

Gap ion defect means that some ions enter the gap of the crystal lattice, while the normal and complete positions are vacant.

B hole defect: some nodes in the mineral lattice have no particles (holes). There are two kinds of holes, positive and negative, and the number is equal, so the whole is electrically neutral.

C impurity defect: there are foreign particles in the mineral lattice, and the foreign particles are not in the lattice node position. The lattice composition changes, and the electrical properties of the mineral surface change.

2. Line defects, also known as dislocation defects.

A. edge dislocations: Discontinuity of some crystal planes in the mineral lattice leads to deformation of the surrounding crystal planes.

B. Spiral dislocation: Some crystal planes in the mineral lattice are distorted, resulting in lattice deformation.

3. Surface defects include small-angle grain boundaries.