1: ancient Greece
Archimedes, Thales, Pythagoras, Euclid, Diophantine, Zhi Nuo, Ptolemy, Hipatia, Nikmedes, Apollonius, arshi Tarsus, Ariste Oss, Alistair, Eratoseni.
2: Germany
Gauss, Leibniz, Hilbert, Cantor, Klein, Riemann, Amy Norther, Dirichlet, Courand, Zemelo, Hasse? Adler, Akenwall, Aronhold, Api Annous.
3: France
Descartes, Lagrange, Laplace, Mei Sen, Fermat, Cauchy, Poisson, Gadang, Galois, Fourier, Sophie Germain, Grandick, Poincare, Arbogast, Alfan Apo, Arbogast, Adama, Aldis, Arnault, Appel, Ahurst, El Brown, Hermite? .
4: America
Alfers, Joseph Zhuang, John Nash, Whitney, John Tate, Norbert Wiener, Shannon, Curtis Cooper, Martin Gardner, Apostle.
5: Britain
Newton, Taylor, maclaurin, Russell, Andrew wiles, Esterman, Hardy, Leatherwood, Abbas Nott, Whitaker, Weston, Adelard of Bath, Atia, Alku, Ida Byron, Avery.
6: Switzerland
Euler, Bernoulli, daniel bernoulli, Jacob Bernoulli, johann bernoulli, argon, amsler? .
7: Hungary
Feyer, Aldis, von Neumann, Atzel, Aldis.
8: Norway
Abel.
9: Australia
Tao Zhexuan, Paris.
10: Soviet Union
Pontryagin, Jin Lu, Arnold, Heini Lerman, Buchteber, Barba, Cole Molokov, Minkowski, perelman, Lobachevsky, Arnold? .
1 1: Italy
Lacey, Galileo, Fibonacci, Tattaglia, cardano, Ferrari, Abati, Abaco, pacioli, alberti, Lat, Harze, agnesi, ascoli.
12: India
Brahmagupta, Bashgalo, Luo Manu Jin, Ayabata? [7]? .
13: Ireland
Hamilton.
14: Sweden
Mittag-Leffler, Leatham, Lennart Carlson.
15: Denmark
Pomerenko
16: Czech Republic
Borufka.
17: Japan
Kenhiro Kenbu and An Tian.
18: Belgium
Katara, Hattoggs.
19: Poland
Abdank.
20: Mexico
Alsat。
2 1: Austria
Atin。
22: Arabia
, Abu Wafa and Hua Mozi [8]? .
23: Romania
Emmanuel.
Paul feyerabend is an Austrian-American philosopher of science and an anarchist.
Basic information
Chinese name
Paul Feyerabend
Foreign name
Paul Feyerabend
nationality
United States of America
birthplace
Vienna
date of birth
1924 65438+ 10/0/3
date of death
1994 February 1 1
occupation
Philosophy of science
graduated institutions
University of Vienna
representative works
Method of opposition
catalogue
1 character profile
2 life
3 main works
Four personal thoughts
5 posterity evaluation
outline
Paul feyerabend Abend Abend (P. Feyerabend, 1924- 1994) is a famous contemporary American philosopher of science. Because his views tend to extremes, he defends and demonstrates relativism, irrationalism and anti-scientism, and advocates anarchism of epistemology, so he is regarded as the biggest heresy in contemporary philosophy of science. In 1950s, he mainly followed Popper's theory and criticized the methodology of logical positivism. However, his thought that the role of theoretical thinking, the role of metaphysical concepts in cognition and the critical power of experience depend on theoretical competition also has great influence on Popper himself and his school. In the late 1950s, his position turned to criticize Popper. Later, his words were sharper and his attitude was more radical, criticizing all the criteria for establishing theoretical rationality and the rationality theory of scientific knowledge progress.
all one's life
youth
1924 (Jiazi year) 65438+ 10/3 was born in Vienna.
1994 February 1 1 died in Switzerland. His father is a civil servant and his mother is a tailor.
He was called into the Nazi army in 1940, and was shot in the spine by the Russian army when he retreated from Russia in 1945, leaving a lifelong disability.
From 65438 to 0947, he returned to Vienna University to study history and sociology, and soon turned to physics, and published an article on the concept of physics explanation. At that time, Faye Abend was a fanatical positivist.
From 65438 to 0949, he became the student leader of Kraft Group, and Kraft was the instructor of Faye Aben's doctoral thesis.
195 1 year, Faye Abend obtained a doctorate in philosophy through the thesis of "Basic Statement". In the same year, he applied for a British parliamentary scholarship to study at Cambridge University in Wittgenstein, but Wittgenstein died before Faye Aben arrived in England, so Faye Aben chose Pope as his mentor.
From 65438 to 0952, he was engaged in research at the London School of Economics. Under the guidance of Pope, he mainly studied the printed manuscripts of quantum theory and Wittgenstein's philosophy.
1953, he refused the invitation of the pope's research assistant and returned to Vienna.
The beginning of research
From 65438 to 0955, he was invited as a philosophy lecturer at the University of Bristol, England, and engaged in academic research for the first time. His abstract of Wittgenstein's philosophy research was published as a book review in Philosophy Review.
1959, Faye Abend of the University of California, Berkeley, accepted a tenure position and moved to the United States permanently to become an American citizen.
1965, Faye Abend published the first part of "Questions and Answers to Criticism of Empiricism", trying to construct a kind of "tolerant" and "sterilized" empiricism. Although there is a certain distance between him and Pope, Faye Abend can still write articles and comment warmly on Pope's speculation and refutation.
The articles published in 1967- 1968 all focus on "theoretical pluralism" and advocate that scientists should construct as many alternative theories as possible and defend them in order to maximize the opportunity to falsify existing theories. Faye Abend defended Bohr's point of view in the article "On Recent Criticism of Addendum" and opposed Pope's criticism. Pope was unhappy.
Research slot
1969, in the essay "Science without Experience", Faye Abend finally gave up the idea of becoming an empiricist. 1970, published "Comfort for Experts", in which Faye Aben attacked Pope from Kuhn's point of view. The method of opposition-the outline of anarchism's epistemology was published in paper version, in which the word "epistemological anarchism" was publicly used for the first time. Few things were published in the next few years.
1974, Faye Abend's good friend lakatos died, and their plan to jointly create a dialogue book "Pro-France and Anti-France" ran aground.
1975, Faye Abend's masterpiece The Method of Opposition was published, and the viewpoint of "epistemological anarchy" was formally proclaimed.
Folding research peak
1978 "science in a free society" was published, and he never gave up his position announced in "opposing methods". The book also contains the main viewpoints of relativism recognition, which is also one of the important viewpoints that made him famous. The first volume of the Collected Works of Faye Abend's Philosophy was published in German (Faye Abend published articles in German from this perspective).
198 1 year, the first two volumes of the English version of the collected works of Faye Abend were published.
1984, Science as Art was published, in which he clearly defended the relativism interpretation of the history of science, and at the same time continued his activities to restore Mach's reputation.
old age
Farewell to Reason was published in 1987, which included some articles published by Faye Aben in 198 1- 1987, and relativism once again mentioned the forefront.
1March, 990, Faye Abend officially resigned from Berkeley.
199 1 retired from Zurich. He has published three dialogues about knowledge, as well as the commemorative anthology Beyond Reason edited by his former student Mniwa.
1993 Faye Abend had an inoperable brain tumor and was admitted to the hospital.
1February 1994 1 1 day, Faye Abend died at her home in Zurich.
Main work
Major English works
1. No basic knowledge (Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin Printing Company,1962);
2. Confrontation method (London: Verso,1975; Revised edition, London: Verso,1988; Third edition, 1993. Chinese version, published by Shanghai Translation Publishing House 1992, translated by Zhou;
3. Chinese version of Science in a Free Society (London: New Left Books, 1978). ), published by Shanghai Translation Publishing House 1990, translated by Zheng Lan;
4. Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method (Collected Works of Philosophy, Volume I) (Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method: Philosophical Papers, Volume 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1981);
5. Empiricism (Collected Works of Philosophy, Volume II) (Empiricism: Philosophical Papers, Volume II, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1981);
6. Farewell to Rational London, Verso/ New Left Book, 1987, published by Jiangsu People's Publishing House in 2002, translated by Chen Jian, etc.
7. Dialogue of Knowledge III (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1991);
8. Killing time: autobiography of paul feyerabend (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1995);
9. Abundant Conquest (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1999);
10. knowledge, science and relativism (collected works of philosophy, volume 3), edited by j Preston (knowledge, science and relativism: philosophical papers, volume 3, Ed.J Preston, Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 1999).
Fold the main works
Problems in microphysics (1962)
Realism and Instrumentalism (1964)
The Contradictory Method —— An Outline of Anarchist Epistemology (1975)
Science in a Free Society (1978)
Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method (Philosophical Papers Volume I, 198 1)
Empiricism (Philosophical Papers Volume II, 198 1)
Farewell to reason (1987)
Personal thoughts on folding and editing this paragraph.
Faye Abend put forward an argument of scientific methodology completely contrary to the traditional view. On the basis of critical logical empiricism and critical rationalism, he expounded the relationship between observation and theory, and put forward incommensurability to explain the choice, evaluation and scientific progress of theory. He expanded the meaning of anarchism to discuss the relationship between science and other knowledge and social phenomena. Although his thoughts contain many unreasonable factors and mysticism, the scientific spirit of tolerance and democracy and the positive view of scientific practice with dialectical characteristics deserve further discussion.
Faye Abend pointed out that all the evidence is influenced by the evaluator's world outlook or natural outlook, and completely penetrates the theory. A theory can refute evidence, not because it is incorrect, but because the evidence is polluted. Since the evidence is polluted by the theory, we must consider the competition theory and other related high-level background theories besides the evidence in order to evaluate the competition theory. For example, in the Copernican era, Aristotle's mechanics was used to explain the problem of the tower, which supported Ptolemy's geocentric theory and opposed Copernican Heliocentrism. On the contrary, when Galileo gave different explanations about the tower based on the relativity principle of motion and inertia, this evidence was transformed into evidence supporting Heliocentrism. Therefore, in theoretical comparison and evaluation, people with different world views or natural views will interpret the same evidence differently because of the pollution of observation theory. Therefore, the evaluation of the theory is bound to lack objective standards. Fei believes that since successive theories are incomparable and have no continuous inheritance relationship with each other, he asserts that the evolution of science does not have the nature of continuous progress. This view does not conform to scientific reality, scientific history, scientific epistemology and methodology. Science develops step by step with the needs of society and the continuous improvement of human cognitive ability, and its development is not smooth sailing. It always strives for survival and development in the conflict between experience and theory, and theory and theory, which embodies the unity of supremacy and non-supremacy of human thinking. To truly understand the essence of the continuous evolution and progress of science, we must understand the relationship and difference between normality and revolution, and between dynamic and static.
Posterity evaluation
"He has suffered great pain in stages all his life. When he appeared in many public places, he survived by a big box of painkillers." I didn't even know that before. I remember Nietzsche seems to have mentioned that we can study a "body philosophy", and diseases may really affect people's philosophical tendencies-especially painful chronic diseases.
Fold foreign research
In Europe and America, people often use some extreme words to refer to his extreme philosophy. Some people call him an omnipotent philosopher, an anti-science philosopher, and some even say that he is the greatest enemy of science. Faye Aben has won the reputation of "an unscrupulous person in the field of scientific theory" in the field of philosophy of science. In a word, "Faye Abend was and still is the most controversial figure in contemporary philosophy". In Europe and America, scholars began to pay attention to Faye Abend's philosophical views from 1964. By the end of 2003, 167 Faye Abend's papers and works could be found. Many famous philosophers are concerned about his thoughts.
For example, Rorty, Putnam, Agassi and others all have articles about Faye Abend, and lakatos is his number one opponent. The thoughts of neo-historical philosophers of science such as Laudan and Xia Pier are directly related to Faye Abend's philosophy. S.G.Couvalis, J. M Preston, G.Munévar and others have become experts in studying Faye Abend in European and American philosophical circles. Abend's Critique of Fundamentalism by S·g· Covallis is the first monograph in Europe and America to study Faye Abend's postmodern philosophy. During the eight years from 1992 to 1999, J.M. Preston wrote eight papers and a monograph Faye Abend: Science, Philosophy and Society, which comprehensively studied Faye Abend's philosophical thoughts. He also edited the third volume of Faye Abend's philosophy anthology. He also edited a commemorative collection of Faye Abend's philosophy with Muné var, G.&Lamb, D. * *, the greatest enemy of science? : Faye Abend Memorial Collection. Editor g.muné var < <; Beyond Rationality: Collected Works of Paul Faye's Aben Philosophy >:> This book has been included in the world-famous Boston Philosophy of Science research series and has become an important reference for the study of Faye Abend.