The development history of architectural structural forms
Architecture and structure are inseparable and indispensable. With the development of economy, people's understanding of building structure has gradually improved. Construction projects should not only ensure quality and performance, but also meet aesthetic requirements and satisfy people's tastes. Therefore, beauty, practicality, safety and reliability have gradually become an important standard of construction engineering. However, based on different knowledge and skills, there are some differences between them. In order to meet people's needs to the greatest extent, professionals constantly improve their skills in these two aspects, and designers who are beautiful, practical, safe and reliable are also different. Their knowledge and skills are different, which leads to different contents that professionals need to master. Beauty and practicality require professionals to master the knowledge of art and architecture. Safety and reliability require professionals to master not only the knowledge of art and architecture, but also the professional knowledge of mechanics, mathematics, manufacturing and architecture. With the development of architectural engineering, architectural engineering requires professionals to master more and more professional knowledge, while aesthetics, fine arts and other disciplines require professionals to master and apply what they have learned, which makes learning requirements higher and more difficult. The development of architectural structure requires professionals to master professional knowledge, which is helpful to the development of architectural structure. Both are indispensable and promote each other.
Division of architectural structure forms
According to different materials, building structures can be divided into wood structures, mixed structures, reinforced concrete structures and composite structures of reinforced concrete and steel. Among them, the wood structure is mainly used for single-storey buildings, and the materials used are wood materials. Hybrid structures are mainly used in single-story buildings and multi-story buildings, with masonry materials for the load-bearing part and reinforced concrete materials for the roof. Steel structures are mainly used in factories, workshops with strong bearing capacity, mobile homes, etc. The material used is mainly steel. Reinforced concrete structures are mainly used in high-rise or multi-storey buildings, and the materials used are mainly reinforced concrete. The composite structure of reinforced concrete and steel is mainly used in super high-rise buildings, and the main materials used are concrete and steel bars.
Building structures can be divided into full shear wall structure, frame-shear wall structure, frame-frame structure, simplified structure, frame-frame structure and flat structure according to the wall. Full shear wall is mainly used in high-rise and super-high-rise buildings and belongs to high-strength building structure. Frame-shear wall structure is mainly used in high-rise buildings. Frame-frame structure is mainly used in high-rise and super-high-rise buildings. The simplified structure is mainly used in super high-rise buildings. Frame-structure is mainly used in super high-rise buildings, and its main material is steel structure. Plate structure is mainly used for large space and large column network buildings.
Natural mechanical laws followed by architectural structural forms
With the development of society, the emphasis of architectural structure forms is different, but both buildings and structures need to follow the mechanical principles to ensure the safety of buildings and structures. When the structure bears a certain load, it will produce tension, axial pressure, shear force, bending moment and torque on each section. Bending moment is the most dangerous. Bending moment and axial force are equivalent. The bending moment exerts internal force on the section, and its internal force distribution is uneven. Bending moment makes the mechanical properties of neutral layer materials not fully developed. For example, a bar, when applying a certain pressure and pressure, adopts the axial direction and is unlikely to break. However, the application of transverse force will form bending moment and shear force, which is very easy to break the bar. Therefore, in order to work normally, the building structure must require all sections to bear shear, tension, axial force and bending moment.
Examples of building structures
Stacked structure The pyramids of ancient Egypt were built with stacked structure. In order to express the worship of the emperor, the builders built it with stones, which are strong in bearing capacity, safe and durable. The pyramid is simple in structure and huge in volume, giving people a feeling of awe. Structurally speaking, the pyramid only bears compressive stress, and the stress structure is simple. After years of wind and rain, the pyramid still stands. The stress condition of pile structure met the requirements of stone and was loved by people at that time. However, the construction of the pyramids takes a long time, and it uses a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Its internal space is small and its use value is not high. With the progress of society and the improvement of human needs, it is necessary to improve the space of building structures, so beam, plate and column structures appear in people's field of vision.
Beam, slab and column structure The material used in beam, slab and column structure is wood. Stone has low tensile strength and cannot bear bending moment. Wood can bear certain tension and pressure, so it is worth using. In modern times, steel and reinforced concrete have taken the lead in replacing wood. Although stone has some shortcomings, it has been recognized by people. Although wood has strong bending ability, it also has certain limitations. Many buildings in Europe adopt this structure. For example, Knossos Palace and religious temples in Aegean culture. Then the structure of arch, shell and column was developed. Later, the structure of beam, slab, arch, shell and column appeared, among which Roman architecture was the model of this structure.
Arch shell structure is deeply loved by people all over the world. Arch shell structure can cover large span instead of beam-slab structure. Arch shell structure conforms to the law that bending moment is transformed into axial force through structural form change. The structure constructed according to this rule has the characteristics of firmness, durability, non-destruction and easy preservation. This structure has been proved to be feasible by countless people's practice. Practice has proved that the horizontal reaction of the support generated by the arch structure can produce negative bending moment in each section, and the negative bending moment can offset the positive bending moment, which has strong compressive force. The buildings built with this structure have the advantages of beauty, practicality, firmness and durability. Buildings built according to this structure have a symbolic function. For example, the Italian Venice, the Salute Church of Santa Maria, the Florence Cathedral, the Pantheon of Rome, and the French Church of Our Lady of Clemens-Feihang, etc.
With the development of society, the construction industry is also growing, and high-rise buildings occupy an important position in the building. The structural forms of buildings need to follow the laws of mechanical development, and more new structures should be created according to the laws of mechanics to promote the development of social construction industry.
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