French missionaries who spread western scientific and technological knowledge participated in the introduction of western scientific and technological knowledge in all aspects. This paper mainly introduces the introduction of western medicine and pharmacy.
China, as a descendant of European medicine, has a process of evolution from theory to practice. At first, medical theories were generally only mentioned in missionary works, such as Long Huamin's soul and Taoism, Giulio Alleni's angle of sexuality (with the same thickness), Bi Franciscan's spirit (Li: H), his subjective composition, and Gao Yizhi (Alphan). Subvazhi)。 Specialized works on medicine and medicine include Deng's A Brief Introduction to Taixi's Human Nature, and Xiong Sanba's On Medicine Exposed.
During the Kangxi period, western medicine and western medicine had entered the practical stage in China. According to Emperor Kangxi's will, French missionaries Bai Jin and Dominique PaLei Ning translated the book "Human Blood Circulation and Dennis's New Discovery" written by French surgeon Pierre Dionys into Manchu with explanations in Manchu. The first eight volumes of the book were translated by Bai Jin, and the ninth volume was continued by Dominique Parrenin. Later, a manuscript was circulated in Beijing. Because Kangxi banned the printing of this book and only allowed the physician to consult it, the knowledge about anatomy written in the book failed to spread in China. In addition, Dominique Parrenin also translated some papers on chemistry, physics and poisoning treatment in Manchu.
In Emperor Kangxi's palace, western missionaries were used as imperial doctors and western medicine was used. 1693, French missionaries Fontani and Bai Jin cured Emperor Kangxi's malaria (nüJè, an acute infectious disease) with ……uininum, which was discovered in Peru on 1638, thus winning the trust of Emperor China. Bemardus Rhodes, a monk, 1699 came to China, lived in Xiamen first, and was later called to Beijing. He is respected by all parties because he is good at surgery and dispensing medicines. He used to treat palpitation and upper lip tumor for Emperor Kangxi. 17 19, the brother of steplanus Rousset, who came to China, went on many cruises with Emperor Kangxi and often entertained his parishioners. Platinum has a well-equipped chemical laboratory in Qing Palace. French Minister of State Bertain even advocated exporting western medicine to China.
While introducing China's history and culture to Europe and preaching in China, Jesuits also tried to learn China's culture and convey information about China to Europe. Jesuit Bai Jin was one of six mathematicians sent to China by French King Louis XIV. /kloc-arrived in Beijing in 0/688 and won the trust of Emperor Kangxi. I once taught him math. 1693 returned to France as an envoy sent by Emperor Kangxi, 1699 returned to Beijing. 1On June 28th, 730, Bai Jin died of illness in Beijing. Besides a large number of letters, Bai Jin also wrote 65,438+04 works, including travel notes, biographies of emperor China, Chinese-French dictionaries, and translations of China's philosophy. The seventh attachment published by the German philosopher Leibniz in the second edition of Recent Situation in China is the Biography of Emperor China written by Bai Jin. In the book, Bai Jin rated French King Louis XIV and China Emperor Kangxi as the two monarchs who are neck and neck in the world.
Astronomer and geographer Daniel Le Comte was a missionary sent to China by French King Louis XIV. 1688 to Beijing, 1690 to France. Two volumes of Memories of China's Latest Experience were published in Paris on 1696. In the preface of "Recent Situation in China", Leibniz specifically mentioned a report by Li Ming (including a report on Emperor Kangxi). Lenny Boots said: "As Li Ming, a missionary who recently returned from China, described in a publicly published report on China, he even wrote a math textbook himself, so that he could personally teach his children the basic knowledge of this important subject, so that knowledge could be passed down as a legacy throughout the empire and his family. I don't think there is a more ambitious plan within the scope of all mankind. "
/kloc-an important contribution of French Jesuits in the 20th century and 8th century was the publication of A General History of China, with the volume number of *** 12, which was compiled on the basis of Zhu's A Compendium of the Song Dynasty as a Mirror. Editor De Maila came to China on 1703 and died in Beijing on 1748. This book introduces China's historical knowledge, especially the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties, to the western system for the first time. 1785, added by the author 13 "General Situation of China". Previously, the author had translated The Compendium of General Mirror into French, which prepared for the writing of general history. Because the author participated in the surveying and mapping of China during the Kangxi period, the description of China geography in the book is very accurate.
In the study of China's ancient history, the missionary Antonius Guhill made the greatest contribution. He is also an expert in literature, history and natural science. He once translated the Confucian classic "Jing" (namely "Shangshu", which is said to be edited by Confucius) into French and published it. In addition, he also has works such as History of Tang Dynasty, History of Chinese Astronomy, Genghis Khan and Mongolian History, and China Chronology Law. Song Junrong linked the history of China and West Asia with the historical materials of China. There are a large number of unpublished manuscripts at the Paris Observatory, some of which were published between 1809 and 18 1 1. Joseph Needham, a British scholar, spoke highly of Song Junrong's astronomical attainments (zàoyì, knowledge level, art, etc.). He said, "Considering all the difficulties, it should be said that it is quite amazing that a person Song Like Junrong should know so much." He believes that Song Junrong has collected a lot of useful information, "which has not been well used. Even today, Song Junrong's works are still indispensable reference materials for those who want to study astronomy in China. "
Compared with historical records, it is more difficult to understand China's classics, but it is also necessary knowledge to understand China culture. Among the French missionaries who came to China to preach, some people have a deep understanding of ancient Chinese. Since the Jinnige Pavilion, they have been making unremitting efforts and finally translated many China classics into Latin or French. Manager. Ci。 De Westeros once translated several articles in The Book of Rites, such as Suburb, Sacrifice Law, Sacrifice Righteousness and Sacrifice System. Joseph de Pre-mare and Alexander dela Charme have both translated The Book of Songs, and Sun Zhang's Latin version of The Book of Songs is accompanied by detailed annotations. Michelle benoit translated The Book of Songs and Mencius. Han Guoying translated The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean. I ching is difficult to understand. French missionaries believe that its mystery coincides with Catholic teachings, so their translation and research have never stopped. Bai Jin once wrote The Book of Changes in Latin, Liu Ying wrote The Book of Changes, and Jean Baptiste Regis (J.B.Regis) has a translation of The Book of Changes with annotations (the book was not officially published until the 1930s of 19, and was named The Book of Changes, the most classic book in China). The study of Confucianism has also achieved fruitful results. Dominique Parrenin wrote Notes on Six Classics, Joseph de Prémare wrote On Classics, Joseph Mary amit wrote Biography of Confucius and Biography of Confucius Disciples, among which Biography of Confucius had the greatest influence on Europe.
In addition to practicing medicine and spreading knowledge of western medicine in China, missionaries also studied wells of traditional Chinese medicine and introduced relevant knowledge to Europe. Dominique Parrenin is one of them. Dominique Parrenin once introduced several popular Chinese medicines to the west, such as Cordyceps sinensis, Notoginseng Radix, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Colla Corii Asini, and sent samples to Europe. Except rhubarb, the other four Chinese medicines were introduced to Europe for the first time. The French Academy of Sciences held a report meeting on 1726, which was devoted to these drugs. Dominique Parrenin's overall evaluation of China's medicine is: according to long-term practical experience, it has achieved remarkable results in treatment, but it is not as good as the West in theory. He believes that this is because China is deeply influenced by Confucianism, and the human body is sacred and inviolable, so that human anatomy is very backward and medical research is hindered. This conclusion was later fully accepted by Voltaire. In his book General History and Folklore, he said: "In their place, medical theory is still ignorant and wrong, but Dr. China is quite successful in practice."