One or three foundations: explain how information is stored in the mind through structure, model and highway.

structure

Structure is a series of closely related knowledge.

Like a city in your mind. Through the way of association, the basic knowledge points are organized to form a knowledge network diagram. Then the city will have buildings, roads and so on. They are interrelated.

What's the use? For example, you can reach your destination by holding a mobile phone Baidu map, entering the location and following the navigation, because the lines of the whole city are already transparent.

So the key is how to establish as many connections as possible between knowledge points.

model

Model is the abstraction of knowledge structure, which compresses some key ideas. Therefore, the construction of the model does not need to be very accurate, just need to synthesize some concepts to make it easier to understand and master.

For example, the catalogue of this book is a model. If you want to know a book quickly, you can start with the table of contents.

In the horizontal expansion stage, the structure between knowledge and the extracted model are mainly used to connect related knowledge. highway

Expressway connects expressways with various structures and connects different concepts or systems.

My understanding is to transfer the laws in different knowledge systems. For example, there are many similarities between "Learning from the Same Resources" and modern enterprise management. In the stage of vertical expansion, we use the expressway to establish connections in different knowledge structures through metaphor.

In the vertical expansion stage, the expressway is established between different knowledge points mainly through the following structure.

Perceptual structure

Relational structure

Basic mathematical structure II. The order of holistic learning: how does information come from?

Structures, models and highways describe how information is stored. So, the first question is: How did the information come from? That is how our learning process works.

A picture shows the steps of holistic learning.

Whole learning sequence

1, get

The acquisition stage is when information enters your eyes and ears. This stage represents the process of information from collection to entering the brain.

Key points: simplification, capacity, speed and accuracy of information.

Step 2 understand

Understanding is to understand the literal meaning of information.

For example, do you know that' Stewed Mushroom with Chicken' is a dish with ingredients:,?

Method: Metaphor.

3. Development

Expansion refers to expanding the understanding of information: how information comes from and how it is related to other information.

In the understanding stage, we only understand the literal meaning of information, but we don't know how the information is obtained and how it is related to other information. Expanding is the real beginning of the whole learning, and it is also the most laborious place in the whole learning process, but it is also the most valuable part. At this stage, structures, models, highways and extensive connections will be formed, thus obtaining a good knowledge structure.

Expansion has three directions.

In-depth expansion: exploration of knowledge background. It is not just to understand a conclusion, but to explore the reason, process and supporting data of the conclusion. Why is knowledge like this and not like that?

Give a chestnut: Why use a chicken to stew mushrooms instead of an old hen? Why stew mushrooms instead of potatoes (ok! Stewed potatoes become Xinjiang saute spicy chicken? Do I still have porridge? )

Isn't one chestnut enough to eat? Another example: an apple fell to the ground and ordinary young people picked it up and ate it. Newton also picked it up and ate it, and discovered gravity by the way. Newton-like thinking: Why can't this apple go to heaven? )

Increase cultivated land area

Knowledge does not exist in isolation. What are the similar conclusions? What are the similarities? Where are the different places? What other discoveries have been made in the same period, by the same discoverer and in the same field? What other facts surround this conclusion?

Horizontal expansion needs to build relationships around knowledge to form a structure or model. It usually means that you need to build a model and establish a connection between the model and the original knowledge. To put it bluntly, horizontal expansion is to use the correlation between knowledge to search all the points related to this knowledge point.

If Zhang San becomes a father, who are the same fathers as Zhang San? Who are Zhang San's parents, wife and children? This is my familiar ethical relationship between people (model) to sort out the people (original knowledge) related to Zhang San.

Vertical expansion

Knowledge follows a certain pattern, and the same pattern will be seen in other knowledge.

Vertical expansion needs to establish expressways between different knowledge points and find out the general rules. The most commonly used method is analogy.

For example, in the horizontal expansion, we use the figure relationship diagram to sort out the people related to Zhang San. So, can we also explain Rome's position in Berlin by positional relationship?

4. Error correction

In the error correction stage, it is necessary to find out the wrong information in the structure and expressway and delete it.

5. Application

Application is the ultimate goal of learning. It will also deepen the understanding of knowledge after application. Because in the actual reference process, it is not just a practice process. At the same time, you will encounter scenes that have not been considered before, and you need to solve the problem creatively.

Step 6 test

Every step above needs to be tested. The testing phase helps you find information that you don't understand or understand incorrectly. Ask yourself the following questions at each stage.

Have I seen this message before?

Understand-do I understand the meaning of the information, at least literally?

Expansion-I know where knowledge comes from, what knowledge is related to, and how to contact it?

Error correction-have I found inappropriate connections or wrong information?

Application-Have I applied my knowledge in practice?

Three to five different types of information

Holistic learning needs to deal with five different kinds of information.

1, random information

Definition: Random information has no certain logical relationship and is scattered.

For example, the names of subway stations and cities, the human body has 206 bones.

Learning methods: There are three main methods in the acquisition stage.

Association method. Contact something you are familiar with. For example, 20 13 14, normal people should know how to remember this string of numbers.

Hook method.

Information compression method. Such as IPD (integrated product development-a project management method) 2. Process information.

Definition: Process information is used to describe the action flow, and it is the information that teaches you how to act. For example, how to swim and how to program.

The main method of processing process information is repeated practice and doing. Deepen memory and understanding in practice.

Application method: process information depends on the correct model, and a structure/model can be formed through practice. Correct model can improve learning efficiency.

For the formed model, the following methods can be improved.

Internalization

metaphor

diagram method

Model error correction III. Specific information

Information that can be observed, heard, seen and touched in practice. For example, medical confidence in seeing, touching, knocking and listening is concrete information.

Application methods: internal, metaphor, chart, model, association, hook, etc. 4. Abstract information

Lack of direct contact with the senses is difficult to understand, but it is very logical. Such as mathematical formulas, physical theorems, introduction to psychology, etc. Are abstract concepts.

Learning method: move to a specific level 5. Viewpoint information

Opinion information refers to controversial information. For example, which is better, Hinayana Buddhism or Mahayana Buddhism?

The biggest difficulty in obtaining opinion information is that you need to check a lot of information to find patterns.

Method:

Finger reading in fast reading skills

Chart chestnut finished