Cheng Zhu's neo-Confucianism
Xue Xin Road Wang Jiuyuan Yangming
The ideological circle in Song Dynasty was very active, and many thinkers, such as Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao brothers and Zhu, came into being. The emergence and maturity of Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng marked the peak of the development of Chinese civilization, which had a great influence on the thoughts and souls of generations of China people, and then became the ideological pillar of the whole eastern world, which was the greatest contribution of the Song Dynasty to China in the past 300 years. Neo-Confucianism is the crystallization of Confucianism in Song Dynasty.
Zhu's academic thoughts have been circulated for a long time. As a thinker and educator in the Song Dynasty, Zhu gave full play to the role of Confucianism in that era when politics was not very strong. Later, the continuation and development of Confucianism also proved that Zhu thought was the peak of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. After parting ways with Confucius for more than a thousand years, Zhu himself became another master of feudal society in China.
Other famous thinkers in Song Dynasty included Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Shao and Lu Jiuyuan.
Shen Kuo, the most famous scientist in the Song Dynasty, summed up his life experience and scientific activities in Meng Xi Park in his later years, and wrote some famous scientific masterpieces such as Meng Qian's pen talk and Forgetting ambition. Song Zhe died in the second year of Zong Shaosheng (AD 1095). He wrote dozens of books in his life, but only a few comprehensive collections, such as Changxing Collection and Prescription Science, have been circulated so far. Meng Qian Bi Tan is the coordinate of Chinese science history and the summary of Shen Kuo's social science activities all his life. Its content is extremely rich, including more than 600 articles on astronomy, calendar, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, geology, medicine, literature, history, archaeology, music and art, among which 200 articles belong to science and technology, recording many of his inventions, discoveries and opinions.
In the Northern Song Dynasty in China, there was a very knowledgeable and outstanding scientist. He is Shen Kuo, one of the most outstanding scientists in the history of China. He is proficient in astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, agriculture and medicine; He is also an outstanding engineer, excellent strategist, diplomat and politician. At the same time, he is knowledgeable, good at writing and proficient in other people's calendars, music, medicine, divination and so on. Meng Qian Bi Tan, written in his later years, recorded in detail the outstanding contributions of working people in science and technology and their own research results, reflecting the brilliant achievements of natural science in ancient China, especially in the Northern Song Dynasty. Meng Qian's pen talk is not only an academic treasure house in ancient China, but also occupies an important position in the history of world culture.
Confucianism in Ming Dynasty basically inherited Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty, which was the development of Confucianism by Cheng Yi and Zhu in Song Dynasty. Therefore, these two men are respected by Confucianism as new saints after Confucius. Cheng Yi initiated Neo-Confucianism. Cheng Yi believes that the purpose of life is to cultivate people into saints. Therefore, Cheng Yi insisted on suppressing feelings and thought that no feelings were the highest morality. Therefore, he opposed anything with feelings, including literature and art. On this basis, Cheng Yi put forward higher moral standards for women. Someone asked him if the poor widow could remarry. His answer is the famous eight words: "Starving to death is a small matter, and shame is a big matter."
On the basis of Cheng Yi, Zhu further developed the Taoist theory, whose representative thought is to preserve heaven and destroy human desires. Justice is good, but human desire is evil. Therefore, people's greatest survival goal is to make their thoughts close to justice and abandon human desires.
When the Ming Dynasty was founded, Zhu Yuanzhang limited the scope of the imperial examination to the four books and five classics, and interpreted them according to Zhu's comments on the four books and five classics. In the Ming Dynasty, intellectuals had no other way to get ahead except the imperial examination, so Neo-Confucianism completely occupied the dominant position of ideology in the Ming Dynasty.
Loyalty, filial piety, honesty, faith, courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame are indeed within the scope of Confucianism, but they are not enough to represent Confucianism. The representative thought of Confucianism is "retro". Confucius believed that the ideal state of mankind was the Western Zhou Dynasty, so his ideal was to restore the laws and regulations of the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, "restoring the ancients".
The landlord doesn't know where he saw the information. Can you provide the source? Confucianism has never put forward the concept of "war". I hope the landlord will not be misled.
As for the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty, it is suggested that the landlord look at Bai Yang's Outline of the People's History of China and Huang Renyu's Fifteen Years of Wanli.