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Date: August 2003-16 0: 37: 02 Editor: ljz

Lesson 1: Basic knowledge

Military topography is a subject that studies and uses topography according to the needs of military operations. Why study and use the terrain? Because all the operations of the army are carried out under certain terrain conditions, they are all influenced and restricted by terrain conditions.

The main purpose of studying military topography is to master the skills and essentials of understanding and using maps, judge the position when you arrive at the action, choose the right position according to the terrain when you go to the battlefield, and follow the map without making mistakes. In order to understand and use maps, we must first understand some basic principles of drawing military maps.

Basic principles of drawing maps

Topography: the general term for features and landforms.

Features: refers to fixed objects naturally formed and artificially built on the earth's surface, such as rivers, lakes, roads, villages, etc. Landform: refers to the ups and downs of the earth's surface, such as mountains and plains

Topographic map (hereinafter referred to as map) is an orthographic map that represents the plane position and elevation of ground objects and landforms in a certain proportion.

To draw a military map, you must have the following six basic elements.

Projection of map

The earth is an irregular natural sphere, while the military map is a plan. In order to solve the contradiction between the earth's surface and the map plane, the principle of Gaussian projection is adopted. That is to say, the horizontal column is sleeved outside the earth ellipsoid, tangent to the central meridian, and the axis of the horizontal column passes through the center of the earth. Then, according to the principle of constant angle, the longitude and latitude of the earth are projected onto a horizontal cylinder by mathematical method, and then the characteristics and landforms of the earth's surface are depicted on the plan. According to the regulations of our country, the map with the scale from 1:25000 to 1:500000 is divided into 60 zones by the method of longitude difference of 6o, that is, the starting longitude is zero, and every 6o is a zone, so the whole world is divided into 60 zones. 1: 1 10,000 and above 1: 1 10,000 scale map, using warp 3o zoning method.

(2) the coordinates of the map

The relevant numerical values that determine the position of a point are called the coordinates of the point. Coordinates on the map are divided into geographical coordinates and plane rectangular coordinates.

1, geographical coordinates

The spherical coordinates representing the position of a ground point with latitude and longitude are called the geographical coordinates of the point. Expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds.

(1) The geographical coordinate network is composed of: according to international regulations, the longitude starts from zero at Greenwich Observatory in the UK, and the east and west are180 o respectively; Latitude, starting from the equator, 90 degrees south and 90 degrees north. Geographical coordinates are usually used to indicate the position of ships, planes and a certain target.

(2) Because the map is framed by latitude and longitude, there are geographical coordinates on the military map. That is to say, all maps with the scale less than 1:200000 are drawn with geographical coordinate network and have latitude and longitude values; On the map with the scale of 654.38+ 10,000, there are graduation zones between sections, the section of the north-south map is latitude, and the section of the east-west map is longitude.

2. Plane rectangular coordinates

The rectangular coordinates that represent the position of a ground point with the length value on the plane are called the plane rectangular coordinates of the point. The plane rectangular coordinate on military map is different from the mathematical Cartesian coordinate system: its meridian is the longitudinal axis X and the equator is the transverse axis Y..

In order to measure the coordinate value of any point directly from the map, several straight lines parallel to the vertical and horizontal axes are drawn equidistantly in kilometers to form a plane coordinate network, so that the position of a point can be determined quickly and accurately from the map, the target can be indicated, and the distance and area can be measured.

(3) the scale of the map

The ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the corresponding actual horizontal distance is called the scale of the map. The scale of the map is measured by the ratio. The larger the map scale, the more detailed and accurate the terrain is displayed, but the smaller the terrain scope is; The smaller the map scale, the opposite is true.

Map scale is the basis of measuring length and area on the map.

The map scale used by our army is1; 2。 50,000; 1: 50,000; 1:65438+ million; 1: 200,000; 1: 500,000; 1: 1 ten thousand six kinds.

(4) Provisions on characteristic symbols

On the map, ground objects are represented according to designated symbols and notes. Specifically, it is divided into graphic provisions of symbols and proportional provisions of symbols.

1, graphic stipulation of ground object symbols: Most ground objects are represented according to their plane shapes, such as residential areas, bridges, rivers, etc. ; Some ground objects are represented according to their side shapes, such as pavilions, towers and chimneys. A few ground objects are represented according to relevant meanings, such as weather stations and substations.

2. Scale regulation of feature symbols: One kind is symbols expressed by scale, such as residential areas, forests, lakes, rivers, etc., whose external outlines are drawn by scale; Second, semi-proportional symbols, such as roads and rivers. , whose length has been scaled and whose width has not been scaled; Three kinds of symbols are not expressed by scales. Some areas are small in size, but of great military significance, such as pavilions, pavilions, tripods, detached houses and so on. You can only know their location on the map, but you can't determine their size. With the above symbols and annotations, we can identify the distribution and shape of ground objects, understand the width, depth and velocity of rivers, as well as the length, width, load and nature of bridges.

(5) Provisions on Displaying Geomorphological Symbols

1, the principle of contour line displaying landform

Imagine that a mountain is cut horizontally at the same height from bottom to top, and a closed section line appears on the surface of the mountain. When these section lines are vertically projected on the horizontal plane, a curve figure with traps and circles will appear. Because the height of each point on the same curve is equal, this curve is called contour line. Maps show the terrain according to this principle.

2, the provisions of the vertical interval.

The vertical distance between the horizontal sections of two adjacent contour lines is called vertical spacing. Use contour lines and vertical intervals to display terrain. Our army's usual maps are 1:25000, 1:50000, 1: 1 000,000, and the vertical intervals are specified on the map, which are 5m,10m and 20m respectively.

3. Contour classification

In order to further explain the terrain and calculate the elevation in detail, contour lines are divided into four types according to their different functions:

(1) The first curve is also called the basic contour line. It is a thin solid line drawn on the map at regular vertical intervals to represent the basic form of landform.

(2) Curve counting, also called bold outline. It draws a thick solid line every four first curves from the designated elevation calculation surface, so as to interpret and calculate the elevation on the map.

(3) The middle curve, also called the half-distance contour. It is a long dotted line drawn at half of the vertical interval to represent the local landform that the first curve can't represent.

(4) Auxiliary curve, also called auxiliary contour line. It is a short dotted line drawn by a quarter of the vertical interval, which is used to represent the local landform that the curve can't show.

4. Elevation of starting point

The elevation of China map is calculated according to the leveling origin determined by Qingdao tide gauge station. The elevation calculated from this datum is called true height, also called elevation.

With the above regulations, we can judge the names of various parts of the mountain, understand the ups and downs of the terrain, calculate the altitude, height difference and slope, and provide a basis for organizing troops to move in, deploy positions and shoot with guns.

(6) Provisions on ground features and landform colors.

In order to make the content of the map clear, clear and easy to read, and to plot the tactical situation, it is stipulated that the symbols of the terrain should be distinguished by four colors:

Black: used in residential areas, roads, independent features, etc.

Green: Used for common dyeing in forests and orchards.

Brown: used for elevation marking of terrain and contour lines and general dyeing of highways.

Blue: used for water system symbols, notes and general dyeing.

Lesson 2 How to Use Maps in the Field

Learning military topography means using maps correctly and skillfully. Therefore, we must master the skills and essentials of judging orientation, comparing maps on the spot and marching according to the map.

(A) determine the direction

In marching and fighting, we must always determine our position. Only by knowing the location of the site can we use the map correctly. There are many ways to determine the position.

1, use the compass to determine.

This is the simplest and most basic method. When judging, put the compass needle flat. When the magnetic needle is stable, the direction pointed by the red end of the magnetic needle is the actual magnetic north direction.

2. Use the sun and timetable to determine.

Usually the sun is in the east, south 12 and west 18 at six o'clock in the morning. According to this law, we can use the sun and timetable to determine the general orientation. When judging, first put the watch flat, the center of the dial and the hour indicated by the hour hand (calculated by 24 hours a day), and the extension line of the folded position faces the sun. At this time, the direction of the watch center passing through "12" is the north.

3. Polaris can also be used to judge at night.

(2) Comparison between map and field

When using a map, we should pay attention to the comparison with the same place at any time, and pay attention to the changes of the surrounding terrain to keep the correct direction and position. The main points are usually: calibrate the map, determine the position of the standing point on the map, and compare the terrain.

1, calibration chart

The methods to calibrate the map are:

(1) north compass calibration: use the north compass to calibrate the map, which can be calibrated according to magnetic meridian. First cut the scale of the compass on the magnetic meridian, so that one end of the sight faces the northern contour. Then, rotate the map so that the northern end of the magnetic needle is aligned with the "0" partition (or index), and the map will be calibrated.

(2) Calibration according to straight line features: Use straight line features (such as straight line sections, canals, wires, etc.). ) to calibrate the map. First of all, you can find this straight feature on the map, and compare the topography on both sides to make the relationship between the map and the site roughly consistent. Then, rotate the map so that the straight line features on the map are consistent with the straight line features on the site, and the map calibration is completed.

(3) Calibration according to obvious terrain points: Calibrate the map according to obvious terrain points, first determine the position of standing points on the map, and then select distant obvious terrain points (such as mountain tops, independent features, etc.). ), cut a ruler at the standing point and the topographic point on the map, then rotate the map, and aim the ruler at the obvious topographic point on the spot, and the map will be calibrated.

2. Determine the location of the standing point on the map.

Establishing the position of the standing point on the map is the basis of comparing the map with the field.

(1) Judging by the obvious terrain point: When standing on the obvious terrain point, find out the symbol of the point on the map, that is, the position of the station on the map.

If the standing point is next to the obvious terrain point, the map can be calibrated first to find out the relationship between the standing point and the surrounding obvious terrain details, so as to determine the position of the standing point on the map.

(2) Determination by tangent method: When the standing point is on a linear object, the location of the standing point on the map can be determined by tangent method. Firstly, the map is calibrated, and obvious terrain points are selected in situ on the map and the wing side of the linear feature. Then, the edge of the ruler is cut off from the terrain points on the map, and then the ruler is rotated to aim at the original terrain points, so as to draw the intersection of the direction line, the direction line and the linear feature symbols, which is the position of the standing point on the map.

(3) Determination by the back intersection method: When there is no straight object or obvious terrain near the standing point, the position of the standing point on the map can be determined by the back intersection method. Firstly, calibrate the map, select two obvious terrain points on the map and the current location, insert a fine needle on one terrain point on the map, rotate the ruler with the needle, aim at the corresponding terrain point on the current location, and draw a direction line; Then aim at another place in the same way and draw a direction line. The intersection of two directional lines on the map is the position of the standing point on the map.

3. Control the terrain

Compared with the terrain on the spot, we must first choose a location with a wide field of vision. Compare the special and obvious terrain first, then compare the general terrain, and then compare it from near to far, from point to line, or section by section.

(3) Travel by map

The basic method of army marching is marching along the road according to the terrain, and the auxiliary method is marching cross-country according to the azimuth. When training, marching according to the map is carried out after completing the basic training in the above stages, which is a comprehensive application of understanding and using maps.

Whether you are in road trip or cross-country by azimuth, you should make preparations before departure and check on the way.

1. Follow the road on the map.

(1) chart preparation

The preparation on the map must be serious, meticulous and specific, so as to achieve one standard, two quantities and three records.

Bid 1: the route to be taken and all objects along the way (forks, bends, entrances and exits of residential areas, etc. ) are plotted on the map or sketched.

Two quantities: measure the mileage of each stage on the travel route, calculate the travel time and mark it on the map.

Three backs: carrying the travel route. According to the marching order, memorize the mileage of each section of the road, especially the orientation and terrain features near corners, fork roads and entrances and exits of residential areas.

(2) the essentials of marching

When traveling, keep Fang Xiangming, make clear the route and location.

Fang Xiangming: At the beginning, we should draw a map, compare the terrain, make clear the direction of travel, and prevent going the wrong way from the beginning.

Clear route: clear route and mileage.

Location: When traveling, at every fork and corner, the location of the standing point should be clearly defined on the map according to the terrain of the place, so that people can walk on the ground and move their hearts up on the map.

The role of topography and topographic map in military affairs

Topographic map is a graph that draws the original terrain on the plane according to a certain projection method, proportional relationship and specified symbols. Its scale is usually greater than 1: 1 ten thousand. It is different from wall charts and sightseeing maps. It describes the terrain accurately and in detail. It is an important tool for commanders at all levels of the army to organize and direct combat operations, and it is also a guide for ordinary cadres and soldiers to March and fight. Some people call it the "eyes" of the commander.

(1) What is the relationship between topography and military operations?

Terrain, as its name implies, is the shape of the surface. It includes topography and features. The so-called landform is the ups and downs of the ground, such as mountains, hills, plains, valleys and ditches. The so-called features are objects on the ground, such as natural rivers, lakes and forests; Artificial roads, bridges, houses, reservoirs, etc. It's all characteristic. These different landforms and features are intricately combined to form different landforms, such as plains, mountains (forests), hills, deserts, grasslands and paddy fields with water networks.

Because the terrain has a direct impact on the army's combat operations, military strategists who can enlist for good warfare at all times and all over the world regard terrain as an important factor in the army's combat operations and an auxiliary condition for using troops. In the Art of War, there is an article devoted to topography. Another strategist, Sun Bin, also believes that "the right time, the right place and the right people are indispensable, although they will win." . By "geographical location", he mainly refers to the topographical conditions.

Chairman Mao also talked a lot about the terrain, pointing out that "the direction and point of the assault should be decided according to the current enemy situation, terrain and our own strength." He also said, "We can't win without the right time, location and people." It means: when directing a war, a commander must be familiar with the enemy's situation, our situation and the terrain; If you can't catch a favorable fighter, you can't be familiar with the terrain, and you don't know the situation of the troops, you can't win.

Terrain exists objectively, and there are always two factors in military operations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. If we can make full use of its favorable factors and avoid its unfavorable factors, we can greatly promote the victory of the war. If you don't know how to use the terrain, you will hit a wall in the war and even lead to the failure of the war. There are many such examples in history.

Song Jiang hit Zhujiazhuang three times on the water margin. The first two attacks were lost because they didn't know the terrain of Zhujiazhuang, especially the situation of Pantuo Road, and didn't know where the road was born and where it died. The third attack, after in-depth investigation, found out the terrain, carefully planned, and laid the Zhujiazhuang.

In modern times, there are also many examples of war.

In the Battle of Shangganling to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, Chinese people's Volunteer Army made use of the favorable conditions that mountainous areas were easy to defend but difficult to attack, and built a defensive position combined with tunnels. With only a small number of troops, it withstood the repeated attacks of a large number of American troops and persisted for more than 40 days, becoming an irresistible steel defense line and creating a model for utilizing and transforming the terrain.

1973 10 In October, during the Fourth Middle East War, the Israeli army invaded the Golan Heights, and the Syrian army countered the Israeli army with 900 tanks. Because the Israeli army occupied the favorable terrain of the commanding heights, more than 800 Syrian tanks were destroyed in World War I, and it was this terrain that helped the Israeli army a lot.

From these examples, we can see that from ancient times to the present, from modern wars to modern wars, terrain is an important factor in the use of troops and has a great influence on military operations. When fighting, if we can make good use of the terrain and transform it properly, we can win the war; On the contrary, if the terrain cannot be used well, it may lead to the failure of the war.

(2) What are the military advantages and disadvantages of various terrains?

Terrain has many influences on military operations. Such as troop mobilization, position selection, troop deployment, firepower distribution, engineering construction, shadow camouflage, technical weapon use, observation and command, etc. Every movement is influenced by terrain conditions to varying degrees.

The degree and size of the influence of terrain conditions on military operations are mainly determined by terrain characteristics, location, military technical weapons and combat tasks.

To make good use of terrain, we must understand the characteristics of various terrain and be good at analyzing and judging the advantages and disadvantages of various terrain.

Simple. It is characterized by flat and wide ground and low altitude, such as the famous Eastern Henan Plain, North China Plain and Songnen Plain in China. The plain area has wide roads, criss-crossing roads and convenient transportation, which is conducive to the movement of mechanized troops and is a good place for large corps to fight. In winter and spring, the prospect is good, the shooting range is wide, but it is not easy to block, the direct firearms deployed in depth are not easy to carry out fire strikes, and the actions of large troops are easy to expose attempts; In summer and autumn, trees are lush and covered with green gauze, which is beneficial to shade and camouflage, but not to observation and shooting. There are many residents and rich agricultural products in the plain area, which is conducive to the camping and material supply of the army; But when fighting in the plain and being attacked by atoms, the damage range is large. If we can make full use of mounds, hills and convex and concave roads, we can play a certain protective role.

Hilly areas. Highlands with a height difference of less than 200 meters from the top of the mountain to the foot of the mountain are called hills. Many hilly areas are called hilly areas, such as hills in western Liaoning and hills in eastern Jiaodong. The hilly region is characterized by a round top, low valley width, steep slope, frequent streams in the valley, and mostly dry fields and young forests between the valleys and on the slope. Most residents live in hills and valleys, with a large population and rich agricultural products. The hilly area is conducive to the mobile assembly of the army, the scattered shade, the observation, shooting and command, the cross-country action of tanks and the attack or defense. It is a good battlefield for fighting. But if there are streams and paddy fields in the valley, the mobility of artillery and tanks will be limited. Hilly areas have good natural protection against atomic attacks because of the undulating terrain, but toxic agents are easy to stay in valleys and depressions.

Mountains and woodlands. A highland with a height difference of more than 200 meters is called a mountain. The vast area where mountains crisscross is called a mountain. The mountainous areas where trees gather are called mountain woodlands. Mountain areas are characterized by steep slopes, narrow valleys, dangerous rivers, sparse villages and few products. Mountainous areas are easy to stick to dangers, move in the shade, surround in a roundabout way, interspersed with divisions and ambushes, which is conducive to giving full play to our army's expertise in melee and night fighting, fighting independently, launching guerrilla warfare and establishing rear bases. For example, Changbai Mountain, Wutai Mountain, Taihang Mountain, Taishan Mountain, Yanshan Mountain and Maoshan Mountain are all famous anti-Japanese base areas. However, it is difficult to judge the direction, traffic, observation and shooting in mountainous areas, which is not convenient for observation and command. Communication and coordinated action have great influence on the action of tank mechanized troops. The subtropical forest land in the south is quite special, with high mountains, dense forests, narrow roads and many holes. In addition, the temperature is changeable, the rainfall is uneven, and there are often dense fog and low clouds, which have a great influence on military operations.

Residential area. It refers to villages, market towns and cities where people live together. The influence of residential areas on military operations is determined by their scale, building conditions, geographical location and surrounding terrain. For example, Zhengzhou is located in the middle of Henan. The Beijing-Guangzhou-Longhai Railway and its junction are the political, economic and cultural centers of the Central Plains, the important hub of railway traffic, and the crossroads of north-south traffic and east-west traffic. Xingyang and Surabaya in the west are famous battlefields in ancient China. Zhengzhou's strategic position is very important and it has always been a battleground for military strategists. In the future anti-aggression war, it is a strategic place to connect the north and south battlefields, support the front and consolidate the rear, and it is also an important target for the enemy to carry out strategic air strikes.

Residential areas, especially urban buildings in large residential areas, are tall, three-dimensional, dense and have complex streets. Coupled with underground buildings and tunnel equipment, it is easy to form a solid defensive position, which is conducive to melee, night fighting and small team combat activities. But it is not easy to observe, command, coordinate and maneuver, and is often the target of enemy aviation, nuclear weapons, missiles and chemical weapons. Therefore, to fight in residential areas, we should evacuate and deploy troops as much as possible according to different tasks, make full use of buildings such as basements and tunnels, and strengthen protection and political measures.

Desert. This is a relatively wide gravel field. According to soil quality, it can be divided into desert and Gobi (i.e. gravel desert). There are large areas of deserts in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Ningxia. This terrain is characterized by relatively flat and open ground, wide field of vision, few roads, lack of water and scarce vegetation. People describe it as "there are no birds in the sky and no grass on the ground", and there are few objects in the direction, so it is easy to get lost. There are many quicksand in the local area, the ground is soft, the traffic is difficult, people are easy to get tired and fortifications are easy to collapse; Gobi area is full of gravel, and the ground is flat and hard, which is convenient for off-road operations of tanks, armored vehicles and other vehicles. The land is vast and sparsely populated, and agricultural products are scarce. It is even more difficult for troops to camp and replenish on the spot. Deserts have less protection against atomic attacks and are more harmful because the radiant heat reflected from the ground is stronger. Poisons and radioactive substances are more widely used than other terrains. Because of water shortage, it is also difficult to eliminate pollution and sanitary treatment.

Grassland. Is the vast flat areas where lush grass and some shrubs grow, such as Hulunbeier, Lintala and Junggar Basin in China, where there are large grasslands. The terrain features of grassland are: the ground is flat and open, slightly undulating, and the horizon and shooting boundary are relatively open, which is conducive to tank movement and troop mobility. However, in areas where weeds and shrubs are high and dense, the observation is affected to some extent. There are few tall trees and azimuth objects, so it is difficult to judge standing objects and indicate targets; Grassland residents are scarce, water resources are insufficient, and agricultural products are scarce, making it more difficult for troops to camp and replenish on the spot. Grassland is less protected against atomic attacks, light radiation is easy to cause fires, and shock waves and radioactive substances spread more widely than other landforms.

Engels pointed out that in modern warfare, "it is one of the main requirements for commanders to quickly judge all the advantages and disadvantages of terrain and quickly deploy their own troops according to the characteristics of terrain." In order to meet the requirements of modern warfare, every grass-roots commander and soldier should learn to analyze and judge all the advantages and disadvantages of the terrain, be good at seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, plan their own actions, give full play to the advantages and characteristics of our army, and win the war.

(3) What is the important role of topographic map in military affairs?

The army is always inseparable from the map when fighting. Some people compare maps to "the same language in cooperation", "the silent guide of marching", "the eyes of the army" and so on. These metaphors vividly and appropriately show the important role of maps in military operations.

The role of maps in the military has long been valued by military commanders. There are both theoretical comments and typical examples. As mentioned in the ancient book Guanzi, when planning combat operations, we should first analyze and study the terrain on the map to find out where the terrain is dangerous, where there are rivers that are not convenient for vehicles to pass, where there are commanding heights, and where there are valleys, plains, hills and villages, and then decide on combat operations; Only in this way can we master the initiative, properly handle all kinds of situations and correctly use the favorable conditions of the terrain. That's what maps do.

During the Three Kingdoms period, after Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou, he had the intention of "taking Xichuan (now Sichuan) as the base, then going north to Hanzhong, collecting the Central Plains and rectifying China". However, he is also worried about rugged roads, dangerous mountains and rivers, and unfamiliar terrain. Although he wanted to make progress in surprisingly, he never dared to make progress. At this time, it was reported that Yizhou (now Chengdu) did not drive (official name) Zhang Song, but brought a map of Xichuan to Cao Cao. Cao Cao didn't know that Zhang Song had come to present the map, so he looked down on Zhang and was teased by Cao Cao, so the map was not presented. When Liu Bei heard the news, he tried his best to win over Zhang Song, and was received by the guests above. Zhang Song was very moved, so he dedicated the map to Liu Bei.

This historical story tells us that maps have shown its important role in ancient times. So what is the role of maps in modern warfare?

In modern warfare, various services and arms cooperate to fight, the battlefield is vast, the suddenness and destructiveness of the war increase, the situation is complex and changeable, the organization and command are complex, and the dependence on maps is greater. Maps have become an indispensable tool for the military to organize and direct operations. Experience has proved that if a commander can use the map correctly, he can successfully complete the combat mission; If he can't use the map correctly, he may suffer setbacks in the war.

Compared with ancient maps, modern maps are quite different, with higher accuracy, more varieties and richer contents, and topographic maps are more widely used by various services and arms.

Armored forces. It is an important assault force of the modern army, with strong assault and fast maneuverability. When carrying out tasks, it is mostly deployed in the far rear of the shade, moving forward quickly, rushing into the scheduled combat area, launching from the March, suddenly attacking and retreating quickly. Therefore, we should accept the task from the map, choose the route and deployment area on the map, study the terrain, enemy situation and operational deployment of the combat area on the map, and advance accurately according to the map.

Artillery. It is the main fire assault force of the modern army, and its basic task is to directly support and cover the operations of infantry and tank soldiers with fire. When the artillery carries out the emergency shooting task, it needs to organize the advance according to the map, mark the position with the map, and connect the battle formation with the map to obtain the shooting data.

Chemical soldier. It is the backbone of the army's anti-atomic chemical weapons, and its basic task is to organize and guide the army's anti-atomic chemical weapons and carry out atomic chemical observation and radiation reconnaissance. During reconnaissance, the polluted area should be marked on the map according to the map, and the reconnaissance report map should be drawn.

Engineer. When carrying out engineering support tasks, we should use maps to select roads, analyze road conditions, conduct road reconnaissance, select circuitous roads, plan and build emergency military roads, and draw up engineering support schemes.

Judging from the amount of maps used in modern wars, during the Second World War, the United States and Britain used more than 1000 kinds of maps in the North Africa campaign, with only two infantry divisions, 1 armored divisions, two infantry brigades, four reinforced regiments and eight battalions, with about107,000 people, and the number reached/kloc-. When the Anglo-American Coalition forces fought in Normandy, there were 3 group armies, 30 divisions, more than 5,000 naval vessels and12,800 planes, and about 2 million people used nearly 3,000 kinds of maps, reaching 70 million copies (about 1400 tons). When the US military invaded Korea, four divisions landed in the first month alone, using10 million maps, more than those used in World War I..

The above situation shows that topographic maps are playing an increasingly important role in modern wars and have been widely used.