1. a summary of compulsory chemistry in senior one.
1. Arrangement principle of the periodic table of elements: ① Arrange from left to right in the order of increasing atomic number;
(2) Arranging elements with the same number of electron layers in the horizontal line period;
③ Elements with the same number of electrons in the outermost layer are arranged in a vertical row family from top to bottom in the order of increasing number of electron layers.
2. How to accurately represent the position of elements in the periodic table;
Number of cycles = number of electron layers; Main family ordinal number = outermost electron number
Mouth formula: three short, three long and one incomplete; Seven masters, seven deputies and eight families.
Memorization: symbols and names of elements of three short periods, the first main group, the seventh main group and the zero group.
3, metal elements and non-metal elements on the basis of judgment:
Strength judgment basis of (1) elemental metal:
Difficulty in replacing hydrogen by reacting simple substance with water or acid;
Alkalinity of elemental valence oxide hydrate-hydroxide; Displacement reaction.
② Basis for judging the strength of nonmetallic elements:
The difficulty of generating gaseous hydride from simple substance and hydrogen and the stability of gaseous hydride;
Acidity of hydrate corresponding to valence oxide; Displacement reaction.
4. Nuclides: atoms with a certain number of protons and a certain number of neutrons.
① mass number = = proton number+neutron number: A==Z+N
② Isotopes: Different atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. (The physical properties of isotopes of the same element are different, but the chemical properties are the same)
2. The first grade chemistry is compulsory, and the second one is a note summary.
Properties of aluminum and its compounds. Reaction of aluminum with hydrochloric acid: 2Al+6HCl = 2AlCl3+3H2 =
2. The reaction between aluminum and alkali: 2al+2noh+6H2O = 2na [Al (OH) 4]+3H2 =
3. Oxidation of aluminum in air: 4Al+3O2==2Al2O3.
4. The reaction between alumina and acid: Al2O3+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2O.
5. The reaction between alumina and alkali: Al2O3+2NaOH+3H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4].
6. The reaction between aluminum hydroxide and strong acid: Al(OH)3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O.
7. Reaction of aluminum hydroxide with strong alkali: Al(OH)3+NaOH=Na[Al(OH)4]
8. Preparation of aluminum hydroxide precipitate in laboratory: Al3++3NH3? H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3NH4+
3. A summary of compulsory chemistry in senior one.
Properties of sulfur and its compounds 1. The reaction between iron and sulfur vapor: Fe+S△==FeS.
2. The reaction between copper and sulfur vapor: 2Cu+S△==Cu2S.
3. The reaction between sulfur and concentrated sulfuric acid: S+2H2SO4 (concentrated) △==3SO2↑+2H2O.
4. The reaction between sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide: SO2+2H2S=3S↓+2H2O.
5. The reaction between copper and concentrated sulfuric acid: Cu+2H2SO4△==CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O.
6. Catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide: 2SO2+O22SO3
7. The reaction between sulfur dioxide and chlorine water: SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl.
8. The reaction between sulfur dioxide and sodium hydroxide: SO2+2NaOH=Na2SO3+H2O.
9. Hydrogen sulfide burns with sufficient oxygen: 2H2S+3O2 ignites ===2SO2+2H2O.
10. Hydrogen sulfide burns under the condition of insufficient oxygen: 2H2S+O2 ignites = = 2s+2h2o.
4. Summary of Notes on Compulsory Chemistry in Senior One and Senior Four.
Electrolyte and non-electrolyte 1. Definition:
① Conditions: aqueous solution or molten state;
2 attribute: whether it can conduct electricity;
③ Substance category: compound.
2. Strong electrolyte: strong acid, strong alkali and most salts; Weak electrolyte: weak acid, weak base, water, etc.
3. ionic equation's writing:
① Write: Write chemical equations.
② Disassembly: Soluble and ionized substances are rewritten into ionic forms, and others appear in chemical forms.
Do not disassemble in the following situations: insoluble matter, hard ionized matter (weak acid, weak base, water, etc. ), oxides, HCO3- and so on.
③ Delete: Delete the ion symbols that have not changed before and after the reaction.
④ Check: Check whether elements and charges are conserved.
4. Ion reaction and ion * * * existence: The following ions cannot * * * exist in the same solution:
(1) produce insoluble ions, such as Ba2+ and SO42-; Silver ions and chloride ions, etc.
(2) Gases or volatile substances, such as H+ and CO32-, HCO3-, SO32-, S2-, etc. ; OH- and NH4+, etc.
(3) producing substances that are difficult to ionize (weak electrolyte)
(4) redox reactions, such as MnO4- and I-; Hydrogen ion, nitrate ion and ferrous ion
5. A summary of compulsory chemistry in senior one.
1. Factors affecting the combustion of substances: ① Different oxygen concentrations lead to different products. For example, carbon produces carbon dioxide when oxygen is abundant and carbon monoxide when oxygen is insufficient.
② Different oxygen concentrations have different phenomena. For example, sulfur is a light blue flame in air and a blue flame in pure oxygen.
③ Different oxygen concentrations have different reaction degrees. For example, iron can burn in pure oxygen, but not in air. (4) Different contact areas of substances have different combustion degrees. Such as briquette combustion and honeycomb briquette combustion.
Second, the factors affecting the dissolution of substances:
① Stir or oscillate. Stirring or shaking can accelerate the dissolution of substances.
2 heat. Temperature rise can accelerate the dissolution of substances.
③ Solvent. Different substances have different solubility in the selected solvents.
Third, the law of periodic table of elements:
① The number of electron layers of the same periodic element is the same. From left to right, the number of nuclear charges, protons and extranuclear electrons increases.
② The same group of elements have the same number of extranuclear electrons and similar chemical properties, and the number of nuclear charges, protons and electron layers increase from top to bottom.
6. A summary of compulsory chemistry in senior one.
Chloride ions were tested with XX silver solution, and interfering ions (CO32-, SO32-) were eliminated with diluted XX.
HCl+AgNO3==AgCl↓+HNO3
NaCl+AgNO3==AgCl↓+NaNO3
Na2CO3+2AgNO3==Ag2CO？ 3↓+2NaNO3
Ag2CO？ 3+2HNO3==2AgNO3+CO2↑+H2O
Cl-+Ag+==AgCl↓
sulphur dioxide
Production method (formation): obtained by burning sulfur or sulfur-containing fuel (sulfur is commonly known as sulfur, which is yellow powder)
S+O2 = = (ignite) SO2.
Physical properties: colorless, irritating, easy to liquefy and soluble in water (1: 40 volume ratio).
Chemical properties: toxic, soluble in water, and reacts with water to form H2SO4 33. The formed solution is acidic and has bleaching effect, and will change back to its original color after heating. This is because H2SO3 is unstable and will decompose XX and SO2.
So _ 2+H _ 2O _ H _ 2SO _ 3 Therefore, this process of combination and decomposition can be carried out at the same time, which is a reversible reaction.
Reversible reaction-under the same conditions, chemical reactions that can occur in both the positive reaction direction and the reverse reaction direction are called reversible reactions, which are connected by reversible arrow symbols.