Knowledge points of junior high school geography exam
Australia
1. Location, scope and area:
⑴ Location: It borders Asia in the northwest, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and Antarctica in the south. It is a country that occupies a continent alone.
⑵ Tropic of Capricorn runs through central Australia and is located in the tropical and south temperate zones in the five zones.
(3) Territorial composition: mainland Australia, Tasmania, etc. This area ranks sixth in the world.
2. World Museum of Living Fossils:
Why are there so many ancient creatures only in Australia? Australia was separated from other continents as early as 65 million years ago, isolated from the southern hemisphere ocean, with slow biological evolution, lack of natural enemies and preservation of many ancient species. Such as the long jump star-kangaroo; Australian lazy koala (koala); Long-distance runner-EMU; Oviposition mammal-platypus.
3. A country riding on a sheep's back
(1) Terrain: The terrain is low and flat. The terrain is obviously divided into three parts from west to east: western plateau, central plain and eastern mountain.
The relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry in Australia: Australia's extensive grazing belt and cattle grazing belt are distributed in the western, central and northern regions, and the southeast and southwest coastal areas are mixed agricultural belts. The plains along the southeast and southwest coasts are suitable for both grazing and farming, and there will be no conflict in time.
⑵ Climate: Tropic of Capricorn crosses central Australia and is located in the tropical and south temperate zones in the five zones, so the climate is dominated by tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate.
The relationship between the distribution of agriculture and animal husbandry in Australia and climate: the central, western and northern parts of Australia are vast tropical desert climate and tropical grassland climate areas, which are relatively dry and suitable for livestock wintering and reproduction, and the temperate maritime climate in the southeast and the Mediterranean climate in the southwest are also suitable for farming.
(3) "country riding on sheep's back"
More than 70% of sheep in Australia are concentrated in the mixed experience zone of southeast and southwest, and there are relatively few sheep in other vast areas. The reason is that there is a large area of desert on the vast plateau of western Australia, which can not develop agriculture and animal husbandry, forming a large agricultural blank area; The southeast and southwest have low terrain, humid climate and good rainy and hot conditions, which are not only conducive to wheat planting, but also to the development of sheep industry, forming a mixed sheep and wheat breeding area.
(4) The main agricultural and livestock products exported by Australia: wool, beef and wheat.
5. Development conditions of Australian sheep industry: A grassland is fat and widely distributed; B rich groundwater; C dry climate, suitable for raising sheep; Sheep have no natural enemies.
4. "The country sitting on the harvester"
(1) Rich in mineral resources: iron, coal, etc. , known as the "country sitting on a mine car".
Where are the iron ore, coal mine and bauxite in Australia?
Iron ore-west, coal mine-east coast; Bauxite-Northeast China
At present, the service industry has greatly surpassed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining, and has become the leading industry.
6. Cities and populations are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas;
(1) Sydney-the largest city and seaport; (2) Canberra-the capital. Melbourne, the second largest city
(4) Why are the population and cities in Australia mainly distributed in the southeast coast?
Climatic conditions-influenced by the warm and humid climate from the ocean, it is warm and humid. Traffic conditions-there are many good ports along the southeast coast, which is convenient for external traffic.
History and Economy-British immigrants arrived first and developed earlier.
Knowledge points of junior high school geography test sites
Geographical boundaries of population distribution in China.
Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province, Tengchong City, Yunnan Province;
The southeast has a large population, while the northwest has a small population.
Terrain ladder boundary
The boundary between the first step and the second step:
Starting from Kunlun Mountain in the west,
Cross Qilian Mountain to the southeast and reach the eastern edge of Hengduan Mountain.
The boundary between the second step and the third step:
From northeast to southwest, yes
Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.
Topographic boundary
① The dividing line between Inner Mongolia Plateau and Northeast Plain: Daxinganling.
② The dividing line between Loess Plateau and North China Plain: Taihang Mountain.
③ The dividing line between Sichuan Basin and the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Wushan.
④ The dividing line between Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Hengduan Mountains.
⑤ The dividing line between Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin: Tianshan Mountain.
⑥ The dividing line between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Tarim Basin: Kunlun Mountain.
⑦ The dividing line between the Loess Plateau and Hanshui River Basin: Qinling Mountains.
8 The dividing line between Hexi Corridor and Qaidam Basin: Qilian Mountain.
9 The dividing line between Sichuan Basin and Hanshui Basin: Daba Mountain.
Attending the dividing line between the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Loess Plateau: the ancient Great Wall.
? The dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the North China Plain: Huaihe River.
Climatic boundary
① 10/October 1℃ isotherm (which is also the dividing line between subtropical zone, warm temperate zone and plateau climate zone): it roughly runs along the southeast edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and crosses Qinhuai River eastward.
② 800 mm isoprecipitation line (dividing line between humid area and semi-humid area): along the southeast edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, it crosses the Qinling-Huaihe line eastward.
③ 400 mm isoprecipitation line (the dividing line between semi-humid area and semi-arid area): from the western slope of Daxing 'anling to the eastern Himalayas via Zhangjiakou, Lanzhou and Lhasa.
④ 200mm isoprecipitation line (the dividing line between semi-arid area and arid area): it passes through Yinshan Mountain, Helan Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Bayankala Mountain to Gangdise Mountain.
River boundary
① Boundary between outflow area and inflow area: the northern section is roughly along the line from Daxinganling to Yinshan to Helan Mountain to Qilian Mountain (east end), and the southern section is close to the 200mm isohyet.
(2) The watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River: Bayan Kara Mountains to Qinling Mountains.
(3) The watershed between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River: Nanling.
④ The watershed between Lancang River and Nujiang River: Nvshan.
⑤ The watershed between the Yangtze River basin and the southeast coastal rivers: Wuyishan.
The boundary of three natural areas
① The dividing line between the eastern monsoon region and the arid and semi-arid region in northwest China: 400 mm isohyet.
② The boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet alpine region and the eastern monsoon region: 3000m contour line.
③ The dividing line between the alpine region in the north of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the arid and semi-arid region in the northwest: generally, it runs from Kunlun Mountain to the east through Altun Mountain and Qilian Mountain.
Natural region boundary
Natural boundaries in the eastern monsoon region
(1) The dividing line between the southern district and the northern district (warm temperate humid area of North China and subtropical humid area of Central China): Qinling-Huaihe River (1October 1℃ isotherm, daily average temperature ≥ 10℃, accumulated temperature ≥ 4500℃ isoline).
② The boundary between the humid and semi-humid areas in the temperate zone of Northeast China and the humid and semi-humid areas in the warm temperate zone of North China: the isoline with daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ and accumulated temperature ≥ 3,200℃.
③ The dividing line between the subtropical humid area in Central China and the tropical humid area in South China: the isoline with daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ and accumulated temperature ≥ 7,500℃.
The Natural Boundary of Arid and Semi-arid Areas in Northwest China
The dividing line between Inner Mongolia temperate grassland area and northwest temperate and warm temperate desert area: Helan Mountain Line, which is equivalent to 200 mm isoprecipitation line.
Agricultural activity boundary
① The boundary between pastoral area and agricultural area: approximately close to the 400 mm isoprecipitation line.
Key points of junior high school geography knowledge
1, the shape and size of the earth
The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles, with an average diameter of 637 1 m.
2. Latitude and latitude
On the globe, the circle around the globe in the east-west direction is called the latitude line. The equator is the longest, gradually shortening to the poles and finally becoming a point. Latitude indicates the east-west direction.
3. Longitude and Longitude
On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude perpendicular is called meridian, also called meridian. All meridians are semicircular; The length is equal, indicating the north-south direction.
20 degrees south latitude and 160 degrees east longitude are the dividing lines between the eastern and western hemispheres.
4. The rotation of the earth and the alternation of day and night.
The earth keeps spinning around its axis from west to east, which is the so-called earth rotation. It takes about 24 hours to turn around, which is one day. Rotation produces the alternation of day and night.
5, the earth revolution and seasonal changes
While the earth rotates, it revolves around the sun from west to east, and the time for a revolution is one year. The rotation of the earth produces seasonal changes.
6. Division of five regions
The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. The tropics are between the Tropic of Cancer, the temperate zones are between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle. There are no extreme days and nights in a year, and the four seasons change obviously. The cold zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, and it is extreme day and night.
7. Three elements of map
Scales, legends and notes.
8. Altitude and relative height
The vertical distance above sea level somewhere on the ground is called altitude. The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height.
9. Contour
Connecting points with the same altitude into a line is the contour line.
10, distribution of land and sea in the world
The marine area accounts for 7 1%, and the land area only accounts for 29%.
1 1, land topography
It is divided into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills.
12, the power of terrain change
The actions produced inside the earth are called internal forces, such as crustal movement, volcano and earthquake, which are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.
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Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place in a short time, such as sunny, rainy, hot and cold. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which generally changes little.
14, temperature change
In a day, the highest temperature on land generally appears after noon (about14); The lowest temperature appears around sunrise.
World temperature distribution.
The world temperature gradually drops from low latitude to polar regions; The sea and land at the same latitude have high land temperature and low ocean temperature in summer. Winter is the opposite. The temperature is also affected by the height of the terrain. Every altitude 100 meters, the temperature drops by 0. 6℃。
16, world precipitation distribution
General rule: there is much precipitation near the equator; Less precipitation in polar regions; On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland and more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland; There is more precipitation in mid-latitude coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas.
17, main tropical climate types
① Tropical Rainforest Climate
② Tropical grassland climate
③ Tropical monsoon climate
④ Tropical desert climate
18, the main climate type in temperate zone.
① temperate and subtropical monsoon climate
② Mediterranean climate
③ temperate continental climate
④ temperate maritime climate
19, natural resources
Land, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc. Resources that are valuable to human beings are all natural resources. According to the characteristics of its formation, it can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; First, non-renewable resources.
20. Land use types
Land use types can be divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland, building land and other types.
2 1, distribution of land resources
The temperate humid plain is flat and is the main distribution area of cultivated land in the world. Large areas of coniferous forests and rainforests are preserved in the cold and humid sub-frigid zone and the hot and rainy tropical zone. Tropical and temperate semi-arid areas have vast grasslands, which are the main distribution areas of animal husbandry in the world.
22, the distribution of water resources on the earth
There are three main forms of water on the earth: sea water, land water and atmospheric water.
forest
People call the forest "the master regulating room of nature". There are 4 billion hectares of forests in the world, most of which are distributed in the northern hemisphere.
24. Iron ore in the world
Mainly distributed in Russian, Malaysian, China, Australian, Indian, Canadian and American. Coal is mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, Eurasia and central North America. The Middle East accounts for more than half of the world's oil reserves.
25. Population of all continents
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