I hope that through the summary of this book, I can understand the contents of the book more deeply, facilitate my future memory and secondary study, and also provide convenience for people who want to know this book.
Chapter 65438 +0 Split self, which makes you have psychological conflict.
An ancient metaphor about psychology
People's understanding of new things often depends on their understanding of existing knowledge. Therefore, "metaphor" can help people to establish the connection between the known and the unknown, so as to better understand the abstract new content. For example, Plato compared the "mind" to a carriage, and the driver who controls it is the calm and rational side of people's hearts. There are two horses in the carriage, which are "positive emotions" and "harmful emotions". The former only needs to be ordered not to be whipped, while the latter needs strong control to obey. If Freud's model uses a carriage as a metaphor, it is to strengthen the "ego" (the driver), control the "id" (the horse) full of desire, and get rid of the "superego" (the preaching father in the back seat of the car) that represents moral conscience and is sometimes limited to norms.
Modern scholars use "information processing theory" and "rational choice mode" to explain human behavior, thinking that human beings are rational and can make choices according to rationality. However, sometimes we can't help but know that a choice is not good for us, but we will still be overcome by "guilt, greed or fear" in our hearts. So these two theories are not enough to explain our behavior. When we think about our own psychology, we can imagine that we are people riding elephants. When an elephant obeys, we can control its direction. Once it has its own ideas, we can't control it anymore.
Four kinds of self-division
"There are four ways to divide people's psychology, namely, mind and body, left brain and right brain, reason and sensibility, control and automation." Can explain the composition of psychology and the causes of psychological internal conflicts. The fourth is the closest analogy between elephants and elephant riders.
Self-division 1: body and mind
Some physiological reactions of people are controlled and caused by the autonomic nervous system, which is completely autonomous and not controlled by will. For example, the hair stands up, the heart beats faster, and the intestines squirm. Among them, the intestine is composed of a huge neural network, which can even detect infection and then make the brain anxious, thus affecting people's behavior and making people more cautious.
Self-division 2: left brain and right brain
The human brain is divided into left and right hemispheres to process external information. The left brain receives information from the right brain and controls the movement of the right brain, while the right brain is the opposite, which is the same for all vertebrates. The left brain specializes in language processing, while the right brain is good at image processing.
After the nerve fibers connecting the left and right brains are surgically separated, when the patient's left brain sees the picture, he can say what he sees, because the left brain processes language. When the right brain sees the picture, the patient can't say what he sees, but he can point out the image with his left hand. Because the right brain has no language processing, it can process images.
The language center of the left brain explains and comments on behavior, although it doesn't know the real reason behind it. For example, when the word "go" flashes to the right brain, the patient may stand up and leave, but if he is asked to explain the reason, he may say that he wants to take something.
This division of psychology shows that "people's psychology is composed of independent parts, and sometimes they have different opinions and go their own way."
Self-division 3: rationality and sensibility
The frontal cortex of the brain is related to both rationality and sensibility.
1. The frontal cortex may be the place of rational consciousness. When the frontal cortex is injured, "people's sexual desire and aggressive behavior are sometimes obviously enhanced, because the frontal cortex is the key to inhibit or inhibit impulse response."
2. The frontal cortex enriches the development of human feelings and emotions. It has been proved that when some parts of frontal cortex are damaged, patients will lose a lot of emotional function and judgment ability. It is difficult for them to make a choice in life, because all the choices are neither good nor bad for them.
Only when people have emotions can they make rational judgments.
Self-division 4: Control and Automation
When a person comes into contact with some adjectives, his behavior will be unconsciously affected. For example, when he comes into contact with "old age", his walking speed will slow down. This effect does not need to be produced by reading words, and people will be affected as long as they subconsciously touch these words. These automatic psychological processes are automatic processing processes.
Control processing is active decision-making and thinking, for example, deciding whether to drive or take the subway when going out is active control processing, while breathing, blinking and keeping the distance between cars while driving are all automatic processing processes.
Automated processing is relatively mature, but controlled processing can solve more important things. For example, computers can solve problems such as mathematics and chess, but they can't control robots to walk in the Woods as flexibly as 6-year-olds.
"Controlled processing needs language", and language can make people "partially get rid of' stimulus control'". Control system can control people's behavior, so that people will not be easily guided by instinct.
The automation system is like an elephant, which contains people's "inner feelings, instinctive reactions, emotions and intuition", which can make people make reliable and rapid responses in complex environments, while the control system is like a person riding an elephant, helping the elephant to decide a longer-term goal, instead of just focusing on the present.
The following three examples can illustrate the complex relationship between elephants and elephant riders, and they are also part of the reasons that hinder happiness.
Three obstacles to happiness
Happiness disorder 1: willpower incompetence
It is easy for people's willpower to yield to instinct. "It is difficult for a controlled system to defeat an automatic system by willpower alone." Control systems cannot run for a long time, while automatic systems such as instinct exist for a long time. When you accept external stimuli, you can't control your instincts, for example, you can't delay your satisfaction, but you want to succumb to immediate interests. You can try to change external stimuli, try to avoid them, or focus on the negative effects of stimuli.
Happiness obstacle 2: psychological interference
"When controlled processing tries to influence brain thinking, it has actually set a clear goal. Whenever we pursue our goals, a part of our psychology will automatically monitor the progress. " This is the effect of brain automatic processing. For example, when you ask yourself not to think about Apple, the image of Apple will appear unconsciously in your mind.
When we try to suppress some ideas and fail, these ideas will always exist. These thoughts are usually "generated by random association", which may be true, horrible, shameful and shocking.
Obstacle 3 to happiness: high-sounding reasons
Many times when people disagree, they make judgments first, and then make up reasons for their own judgments. In fact, they don't know the real reason for their judgment. This behavior is the same as that of the left brain language center mentioned above. It may not know the reasons behind people's behavior, but it will explain them.
Summary:
Our psychology is made up of many parts, but we can't realize and identify all the parts, only pay attention to the parts that can be expressed in conscious language. So when we feel inexplicable inner impulses and feelings, we will feel confused and puzzled. In fact, our willpower is not as strong as we thought. Many times we think we are struggling with the subconscious, the ID or animal instinct, but these are all part of our psychology. Elephants and people who ride elephants are ourselves.
(Jane Baoyu's writing group punched in on the 23rd)