Establish a base in this area, and shell Britain with long-range artillery from there, requiring the artillery to have a range of at least 37 kilometers.
Therefore, the German General Command handed over the task of developing long-range artillery to the famous Krupp Arsenal artillery designer and general manager.
Professor Fritz Rosenberg. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this idea, Krupp Arsenal first
The experiment of long-range artillery firing low-resistance bullets was carried out in "Maipen" shooting range. The experiment was successful, but then the Germans
The High Command proposed to develop an ultra-long-range artillery capable of shelling Paris, with a range exceeding 100 km. Many people think this is
It's impossible. Rosenberg strongly advocated and actively organized research and development. After a period of exploration
After the telegram and test, Rosenberg deduced all the factors by mathematical calculation-K-bomb, the amount of gunpowder and the space of 3 minutes.
The relationship between flight and the curvature of the earth, he thinks, can completely create a range of 100 km. Can be used for reference
The French-German border shelled the cannon in Paris. According to Rosenberg's research results,1965438+in February 2007, the German military also mentioned
Expand the range to 120km.
At this time, it was a fierce battle in World War I, and the military was in a hurry to get the goods. So Rosenberg decided to use when.
At that time, the L52-5 355 mm caliber naval gun that had not been installed on the ship was modified. In order to increase the range, guns
The barrel must be greatly lengthened. Therefore, he connected three sections of liner with a diameter of 2 10 mm and inserted 355 mm
In the barrel of the Mi naval gun, there are about 3. 9 Milu is at the outer end, and other parts, such as medicine room and gun rack, have also been modified accordingly.
Pretend.
19 17 summer, the first batch of long-range artillery was finally built, and the Germans chose the position of three artillery pieces in Chraibi.
There are dense trees, which are conducive to concealment, and it is not easy to find even if enemy planes fly by. In February of the following year, the Germans fired cannons.
Secretly transported to the position and firmly installed on the cement base. Although the caliber of this gun is only 2 10 mm, but
The barrel is quite long, reaching 34 meters (162 times the caliber). If the gun is erected, its muzzle will exceed
/kloc-the roof of a 0/0 story building.
In order to prevent the barrel from bending and deforming because it is too heavy (200 tons), Rosenberg attached a branch to the barrel.
In order to solve the maneuver problem, Rosenberg designed wheels with rims, which can roll along the railway track.
The increase or decrease of the range is adjusted by changing the amount of propellant. The huge railway turntable can be used as a gun rack.
The cannon rotates horizontally to change direction.
This gun has a superior range, except for the use of a 34-meter-long barrel, and its projectile is light in weight.
(cannonball 125 kg, gunpowder 195 kg), the structure of the projectile is reasonable (slender and long), and it flies.
Small resistance is also an important reason. In order to get the maximum range, the gun must also be fired at the most suitable angle.
The ammunition determines that the best shooting angle of the gun is 53 degrees, the initial velocity 1700 m/s, and the maximum ballistic height is 42000.
rice. According to the principle of physics, the air density decreases with the increase of height. At the same temperature higher than 30 kilometers.
In the layer, the air density is very small, close to vacuum. Shells flying in the stratosphere can be considered as having no air resistance.
Influence. When the shell flies to the stratosphere for more than 20 seconds, it still has the speed of 1000 m/s, and the trajectory tangent and water.
The included angle of this horizontal line is about 45 degrees. This angle can make the projectile have the longest range. Shells are flying around in the stratosphere.
100 km later, it re-entered the troposphere and fell to the ground. At this time, it is 120 km away from the launching position.
Li Shi.
In order to please Kaiser Wilhelm II at that time, the gun was originally named "William Gun". Because of Megatron in the first battle
Paris, so later generations also called it "Paris cannon".
1918 at 4 o'clock on March 23, 2008, in the darkness before dawn, the gunners on the ground of Crabbe array were busy.
In order to confuse the other side, the plane of Germany 10 airport is ready to take off, and the artillery fingers of 30 battery companies around the position.
Go to France. When the "Paris Cannon" fires, all the cannons will fire at the same time to cooperate. 30 gunners
The lifting device slowly raises the barrel to a shooting angle of 53 degrees, and opens the 34-mm-thick iron door bolt so that the gunner can protect himself.
The shells weighing 120 kg were taken out of the warm ammunition depot and sent to the gun bore by conveyor belt. At this time, Kaiser Wilhelm II also came.
Get close to the position and watch the launch.
At about 7 o'clock, a gunner sounded the matchlock, and the projectile flew out in the air, whistling and flying to Paris. Three minutes later,
The first shell landed on the bank of the Seine. In order to know the impact point of the shell and make it hit the important target accurately,
Germany chose an overseas Chinese who had lived in Paris for 20 years as a spy. His task is to hit every shell accurately.
Tell a lady the location. The young lady sent the message to the border between France and Switzerland by telephone. A man disguised as
The farmer's spy drove the feed truck to send the information out of France. After 4 hours, accurate impact information will be sent to Germany.
Military high command.
Although the war has entered its fourth year, the streets of Paris are still peaceful and there is no spirit of war.
Atmosphere. In the defensive zone between the capital Paris and the enemy lines, there are improved anti-aircraft guns and high-speed warfare.
Fighter planes, so attacking Paris during the day is tantamount to self-destruction. Night attacks by Gotha bombers have gradually increased, but
Except for the moonlit night, the accuracy is almost zero. At night, the lights are not only turned off in the city, but also anti-aircraft guns are everywhere.
The attacker can only fly high, so the target of the attack is not accurate. Before the plane arrives, an effective alarm system
Let everyone be fully prepared. 15 seconds at 7: 20 am on March 23, the street in the north of Paris suddenly
There was an explosion, buildings shook, windows were broken and no one was injured. After 20 minutes, the distance between them is 2. 4 kilometers.
Near Redles, there was a second explosion, accompanied by thick smoke, the wall collapsed and more than a dozen people fell in a pool of blood.
In the middle. Panicked Parisians, running around and hiding. After that, there will be explosions every 15 ~ 20 minutes.
The explosion rang in Paris until the afternoon. At first people thought it was an airplane, but they didn't look at it.
On the plane, I didn't hear the roar of the plane. That evening, French radio broadcast such a message:
"Enemy pilots successfully flew over the French-German border from high altitude and attacked Paris. Many bombs fell to the ground, causing
Many casualties ... "However, many people doubt this. The French military is very interested in what was found at the scene and what was taken from the body.
The metal fragments were examined and found to be too thick to look like bombs. Weapons experts believe that
Some rough metal blocks are from shell casings. But the nearest enemy position is almost 105 kilometers away.
The heaviest artillery known has a range of no more than 32 kilometers. Therefore, some people assert that Germany is hiding in the suburbs of Paris.
Men's "secret weapon".
At 4: 30 pm on March 29, the "Paris Cannon" roared again. A shell hit the center of Paris.
St Gervais Cathedral was crowded with worshippers. The shell blew up a ceiling that supported the vault.
A big pillar and tons of stones collapsed, killing 88 people and injuring 68 others.
Hurt. On April 2, a large-scale funeral was held in France, attended by many senior government officials, who once commanded the university.
Bertas bombarded ludendorff in Liege that afternoon and ordered the "Paris Cannon" to remain silent, but the Kaiser.
I went to Crabbe in high spirits and congratulated the gunman in person.
There is no doubt that the "Paris Cannon" was the longest-range artillery in the world at that time. Parisians are confused and scared.
Fear guesses where this mysterious attack comes from. Until French agents found it in Chraibi near the Franco-German border.
It was not until the German long-range artillery that the mystery was solved. At that time, a "Paris cannon" had exploded.
Five gunmen were killed. The remaining two cannons are still firing in turn.
The design and manufacture of the "Paris Cannon" is world-class, and its range is the highest in the world so far, which can attack the right wing.
The deep goal of the hand. However, it has a fatal weakness: due to very high chamber pressure and particularly large recoil, the gun rack must be
Very strong. This makes transportation and operation extremely inconvenient. Needless to say, transportation is just loading and firing shells.
It takes 10 more minutes.
From March 23rd to August 9th, three "Paris Cannons" fired at Paris from three different positions.
More than 300 shells, of which 180 landed in the city and the rest in the suburbs, killing more than 200 people.
More than 600 people were injured. Although the bombing of Paris was an integral part of Germany's spring offensive strategy, it did not happen.
Great strategic influence can't save allies that are about to fall apart. With the situation on the battlefield plummeting, Germany
The army hurriedly transported the remaining two cannons back to Krupp Arsenal and put them back into the furnace. Its design drawings are also mysteriously
Disappeared, only one manuscript was left at Rosenberg's house, kept secret. Agents of France and its allies
The researchers have tried their best to get the gun and the design, but nothing has been found. of course，
More than 40 years later, Rosenberg's manuscript about "Paris Cannon" finally "surfaced". But in
At that time, the "Paris Cannon", with its brief figure, left many confusing puzzles and nothingness to the world.
Think in all your words.
Short-lived "Big Mac"-most of them pull guns.
In the history of artillery development, although the "Paris Gun" has a 34-meter-long barrel and a range of 120 km (sets
Range 127.9 km) ranks first in the world, but it is not the largest artillery in the world, but a real artillery.
The number one overlord is the "Dadullah" artillery launched by Nazi Germany more than ten years later.
1928, France, which suffered from German aggression, was built along the Franco-German border in order to resist German invasion again.
The world-famous maginot line. The total length of the defense line is 35 1 km, which consists of about 5600 permanent fortifications. fortifications
It is solid, and the roof and wall thickness of the shelter are 3. 5m。 Even with a 420 mm caliber like a big Bertas gun.
It is difficult to cause casualties and equipment damage when the shells hit directly. The French naively believe that,
With an indestructible line of defense, you can sit back and relax, ignoring the operations brought about by the development of military science and technology.
Change of way. After Hitler came to power, maginot line became a thorn in his side and a thorn in his flesh. In order to destroy this
An insurmountable obstacle. 1935, Hitler ordered the military to develop a super cannon with a caliber of 700 ~ 1000 mm.
The German Army Ordnance Bureau gave this important task to Dick, who designed and manufactured the "Great Bertas" and the "Paris Cannon".
Rupert Arsenal. Both parties signed a delivery contract at 1940. Although Krupp Arsenal developed giant cannons,
Experience, but for the development of such a large caliber giant artillery, but also feel that it is a difficult "hard bone" workers.
Factory designers Mullah and Bao Ziyou presided over the design of artillery. They put all their energy into the development of giant guns,
In the process of experiment and improvement, I have been working selflessly for many years. 1939 When Germany attacked Poland and launched World War II.
During World War II, the super cannon had not been designed. 1940 In May, the Germans captured the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.
After that, the main force crossed the Ardennes from Belgium and southern Luxembourg and bypassed March, which was heavily guarded by France, from the north.
Northern line. On June 14, the Germans attacked on both sides at the junction of Lorraine and Alsace, breaking through Ma Qinuo in one fell swoop.
Defense line. At this time, the super giant gun was still being manufactured, and the launch test of the gun body was completed in Krupp factory in 194 1 year.
In the spring of 1942, Krupp Arsenal finally built an 800 mm super cannon. Jubao caliber
It is so big that a big soldier can squat in the gun bore. In memory of Gustav Krupp, the founder of the factory,
Hitler called it Gustav the Great. The designer Mullah named the cannon "Dora" in memory of his wife.
(Mullah's wife's name), German artillery prefers to call it "Dora".
On March 19 of the same year, the "Dadula" artillery was tested with live ammunition. Hitler is in Marshal Kade.
Accompanied by guderian, Commander of Armored Forces, and speer, Minister of Military Industry, I personally came to Rugenwo, which is heavily guarded.
Shooting range, watch and identify the shooting effect. At noon 12: 20, the cannon "Dadullah" fired a concrete shell.
The measured weight of armor-piercing bullets and shells is 7. 086 tons, the firing angle is 65 degrees and the range is 26.09 kilometers. 40 minutes
Later, the artillery fired another one weighing 4. 759 tons, launch angle 45 degrees, range 47. 22 kilometers. Light one's own cigarette/pipe with someone else's.
Hitler, who was familiar with the gun, was very satisfied with the performance of the Dora gun.
"Dadula" gun consists of barrel, cradle, upper cradle, lower cradle, trunnion, recoil device and bolt.
Wait a minute. The whole pipe consists of two sections, namely, a front pipe with a pipe sleeve and a rear pipe. At the time of installation,
First, insert the rear tube into the pipe sleeve and connect it with the front tube, and then fix them with huge connecting nuts. Each barrel
If you fire 100 rounds, you have to hang a new barrel, otherwise it will explode. It takes 1 day to change the barrel, and there are guns.
The cost of pipelines is very expensive. The operation of artillery can be accomplished by electric and hydraulic mechanisms. That is to say, the gun was given by the electric power organization.
High and low shooting distance 1 10 ~+65 degrees. Shells are hoisted by windlass, and ammunition transportation and locking are realized by hydraulic mechanism. oneself
The degree of mobilization is very high.
"Dadula" is not as good as "Paris cannon" except the barrel length (32.48 meters) and the range (more than 40 kilometers).
In addition, it ranks first in the world in many aspects: the whole gun is about 43 meters long, 7 meters wide and 1 1.6 meters high.
It is four stories high and weighs 1350 tons, almost twice as much as the "Paris cannon". It's as big as a boat.
Warships; Shells are also amazing, 7. It is 8 meters long and stands taller than two floors, among which the Grenade projectile weighs 4 stones.
1 ton. It contains a lot of explosives, which is extremely destructive and has a range of up to 47 kilometers. The other is used to destroy the concrete protective layer.
The shell of this department weighs 7 tons and contains 200 kilograms of explosives. It is said that it is powerful enough to penetrate 3. Four kilometers thick.
A concrete wall with a degree of 0. 85m。
"Big" is the advantage and disadvantage of "Big Doula". Like "Paris Cannon"
Because of its huge size, it is extremely inconvenient to transport, operate and guarantee. As far as transportation is concerned, first get off the gun rack, barrel,
Remove the bolt and other parts, and then load them separately. In order to ship this kind of gun, Germany also developed high-power military.
Train. 194 1 In June, Krupp Arsenal manufactured two D3 1 1 with power 1050 horsepower and a speed of 60 kilometers per hour.
Type a locomotive. The gun truck is equivalent to two floors. The whole cannon and the required ammunition need to use 60 trains. pass by
The gun is 7 meters wide, and the railway with standard width cannot be transported, so special track is needed. After reaching the launch position, it also
It is necessary to install the components on the gun rack with the help of a large crane. It takes at least 1500 people to install this giant gun.
Busy for three weeks.
As the trump card of the German high command, "Most Dora" was commanded by an army major general. When shooting
It is under the specific command of a colonel. There are more than 1400 soldiers directly operating artillery, plus two as air defense posts.
The antiaircraft artillery regiment, security personnel and maintenance personnel need more than 4,000 people. The use of this gun requires an army.
General Hald, the chief of staff, approved it.
1942 In April, General manstein, commander of the German Army1KLOC-0/Corps, went to Hitler's headquarters to report the attack.
Plan of Topp Fortress in Siwars, Crimea (Ukraine). This fortress is not only very strong, but also has a good terrain.
Sinister, the Germans launched a large-scale attack in194165438+February 17, until the German attack on 65438+February 30.
It became the last resort, and it didn't get any benefits except losing soldiers. In order to reduce casualties and increase the odds.
Binder Manstein requested heavy artillery support from headquarters. As a result, Manstein not only got two special 600 cents.
The rice cannon has also received unparalleled support from Dora.
On June 7th, with the strong support of air force and artillery fire, the German army launched another attack, but made progress.
Slowly, both sides insisted on fighting for every inch of land, and every bunker and trench had to go through a bloody battle.
In order to recapture the lost position, the Soviet army launched many counterattacks. Whether it is a big stronghold or a small bunker.
Well, they often play until the last person finishes shooting. The "tug-of-war" became the unique scenery of this campaign. all
Guan Dejun finally won the battle, but he paid a heavy price. Some regiments have only a few hundred people left.
When the other company withdrew from the front line, only 1 officers and 8 soldiers were left. Hitler knew the victory of the battle.
Hard-won, Manstein was ordered to be promoted from general to marshal, and rewarded all those who participated in the Crimean campaign.
A commemorative armband used for encouragement and commendation. In the battle to conquer the fortress of Sevastopol, artillery was particularly prominent.
The "Dadola" gun played an important role. The "Dadora" artillery fired at the seven main targets of the fortress.
48 giant shells. The violent explosion was like lightning and thunder, earth-shattering, and thick smoke rose from the fortress. big shot
Where the bombs landed, they immediately turned into ruins, especially one of them was destroyed and buried in the rocks on the north bank of Ferria Bay.
A huge ammunition depot 30 meters deep. It shocked the Germans and the Soviets. Although people think "Dora"
The real utility is not proportional to the cost of manufacturing it, that is, the cost-effectiveness ratio is very low, but most of it is in Crimea.
The outstanding performance made the soldiers who participated in the war unforgettable for life.
Later, "Dora" continued to participate in the attacks on Stalingrad and Molotov City. singly
The two cities fired eight shells, and also fired 10 shells at an ammunition depot, trying to reproduce their former glory.
Yellow ". But it seems that there is no special merit like in Crimea. Depart from Warsaw on September1944,30.
In a small town 1000 meters away, "Dadola" fired about 30 shells at Warsaw to suppress the Polish underground armed forces.
Warsaw Uprising. This is Dora's last appearance. At the end of World War II, the "Dadullah" artillery has become
The spoils of the Soviet Red Army. Later, it was transported to the allied occupied areas and became a sample for their research on giant guns. Finally,
This unprecedented super cannon was dismantled by the allied forces, ending its short and strange life.