The theory of studying the spatial pattern of environment and its interdependence by using the principle of biological evolution. Also known as human ecology. It was put forward by R. E. Parker, a representative of Chicago positivist social school in the United States. Humanism location science focuses on the study of the influence of location on human organizational forms and behaviors.
The word location (ecology) is translated from English ecology and comes from Greek oikos, meaning or residence. /kloc-At the end of the 9th century, zoologists and botanists began to use the word ecology to describe how organisms exist in the environment, which resulted in a branch of biology, namely, bio-ecology. In the 1920s and 1930s, sociologists borrowed this word to explain regional location, and created a new branch, namely humanistic location.
The research schools of humanistic location science mainly include classical location science and modern location science, and the latter is divided into social and cultural location science and neo-orthodox location science.
Classical location school is also called. The main representatives are Parker, Burgess and American sociologist R.D. Mackenzie. In the book "Human Community: City and Humanistic Location" (1952), Parker proposed that humanistic location is a science to study the life made up of human beings or below the social level. Mackenzie believes that human location is a science that studies the relationship between space and time under the influence of human's choice, distribution and adjustment of its environment. The classical location school emphasizes that the subject of human location research is people, who are different from animals and plants and have the ability to create culture and act according to their own will. Therefore, humanistic location science should not only study the biological relationship between different groups, but also study the location situation caused by human purposeful behavior.
The classical location school emphasizes the community as the unit of analysis and research, and holds that the community is an ecological location order. Early classical locationists believed that community was the natural environment for human survival. There is a relationship between human life in society. In order to survive, people depend on others and have various relationships with others. In further research, the later classical locationists found that human life in society is in a state of interdependence and interdependence. They revised the nature of the * * * relationship to some extent.
The classical location school applies the viewpoint of location science to the analysis of cities, and holds that cities are an ecological location order, and the basic process of leading urban organizations is that individuals or groups that are competitive and interdependent compete for scarce resources at the same time, and the nature of competitive relations varies from place to place. The formation process of urban location is: ① concentration. Refers to the trend of increasing the number of similar institutions in a given area. The concentration degree of various location units is measured by density. The so-called density refers to the number of similar units in a specific area, such as the population per square kilometer. 2 discrete. Refers to the downward trend of the number of similar population and institutions in a given area, and is also measured by density. 3 concentration. Refers to the emergence and development trend of institutions with the same functions in urban centers. 4 disperse. Refers to the phenomenon that a population or institution leaves the center of a city. ⑤ Isolation. It refers to the integration of population and institutions into their own homogeneous areas and their separation from each other. ⑥ invasion. Refers to the movement process of one group entering the residential area of another group. 7. Take over. Refers to the effective rule of another residential area after the group replaces the original group. The formation process of urban location reflects the complex relationship between urban competition and * * *. When discussing urban ecological order, Burgess also established a model of urban development and spatial organization, namely concentric circle theory (see).
The shortcomings of the classical location school in its research are as follows: first, it does not consider social variables and sub-social variables as the causes of human behavior; Second, there is a tendency to separate the social and sub-social aspects of human life; Third, this school emphasizes geopolitics, but geopolitics is a vague principle of location science. Modern locationists criticized this and improved their research methods, avoiding the tendency to study urban structure and land use from only one aspect. The change of modern cities and technological innovation have had a great influence on the nature of classical location science, and produced schools of modern location science.
Modern location school mainly refers to social and cultural location school and neo-orthodox location school. Social and cultural location school is the main theoretical school of modern location science. Different from the classical school of location, it emphasizes the important role of culture in human behavior. It is believed that culture is a learned behavior, which may or may not be closely related to the rational use of land and rare resources. After analyzing an example of regional location, W Farley, an American sociocultural locationist, asserted that apart from the natural variables of sub-society, cultural variables are also an organic part of locational theory. Jonathan came to the same conclusion as Farley by analyzing the geographical mobility of Norwegian communities in new york. This shows that people's site selection behavior in American cities is influenced by many variables.
Neo-orthodox school of location is another major theoretical school of modern location science, and its representatives are American A.H. Holly, J. Quinn, O.D. Duncan, etc. Neo-orthodox location school tries to combine social factors and sub-social factors of social life, emphasizing the decisive role of natural economic variables in urban land use model. Quinn believes that human location science should study the division of labor and its influence on spatial distribution. Localists should limit their research to human groups and their relationship with the environment. Holly, on the other hand, believes that orienteering is a science that studies how people maintain themselves and control the environment in constant change, and cannot be confined to a narrow range. He tried to avoid the tendency of the classical location school to completely separate sociality from sub-sociality, and defined social culture as the way that human groups tried to adapt to the environment. Cultural adaptability should be a reasonable topic in the study of location science. Duncan and others investigated Parker's hypothesis that people with obvious social status are generally separated from each other in space by using statistical indicators such as occupational differences, isolation, concentration of low-priced rental houses and distance from the city center in Chicago metropolitan area. It is pointed out that there is a certain connection among social phenomena, occupational differences and natural space, which is not completely separated, and a new category is put forward. The location complex is composed of four variables: population, organization, environment and technology, which is called POET variable for short. Various factors in the positioning system can be summarized into these four variables respectively, so that the relationship between variables can be described in a simple form. Duncan believes that social nature can not be separated from natural space, and the changes in one part of the location system will inevitably affect and act on other parts. The structure of the whole positioning system is based on the interrelationship of various elements in the social system. The location system is a constantly changing system, constantly adjusting itself. After each change, new adjustments follow. However, most positioning systems can remain relatively stable for a period of time after adjustment.
Characteristics and principles Human geography has four basic characteristics: ① emphasizing the importance of the environment; (2) Population is the starting point of research; (3) regard a population unit-community as a complete or self-sufficient whole; ④ It is considered that the relationship between the regional status of each part of the community is often in an unbalanced-balanced state.
The principles of human geography are: ① the principle of interdependence, that is, the principle of * * * living * * * eating. Every individual is born of complementary differences and eats because of complementary similarity. A crowd is often a complex formed by the relationship between food and health. * * * Healthy combination tends to promote production efficiency and creativity, while * * * food combination tends to protect or keep key functions. For each relational system with different functions, it can only be associated with the environment through one or several functions. This function or functions are called key functions. The key function is not fixed, it changes with the change of environment. ③ Principle of differentiation. Different stages of human social development have different productivity, which determines the degree of differentiation of key functions and the size of population units; At the same time, the population that a cultural system can support is also restricted by productivity; Productivity level is the decisive factor of the development scale of a production system and the population it can support. (4) the principle of superiority. In different periods, the community has formed various departments with different properties, such as families, commercial institutions, industrial and vocational associations, religious groups, factory federations and so on. The function of the combination of departments and strata is mainly to maintain the dominant position of the leading functional groups in a community.
The development of research methods Since the 1930s, the theory of human location has been constantly revised, and the research methods have also made new progress. These methods are mainly manifested in quantitative techniques, social regional analysis, models and simulations.
Quantitative technology refers to the method of counting and measuring. Quantitative analysis theory is the product of the development of sociology to objective rationality in 1930s. Modern locationists rely on calculation and statistics to collect and analyze data, and have been able to analyze highly complex urban location data and create new mathematical models of urban typology and urban design on the basis of statistical indicators.
Social regional analysis is the result of the great influence of digital computer on human geography. Social regional analysis is a research method of urban location founded by E. Sevki and W. Bell in the 1940s and 1950s. Through complex factor analysis, they found three indicators that constitute the social and regional types. These three indicators are: ① Social class indicators. Through the analysis of occupation and education. Two indicators. The ratio of women to children and the ratio of exclusive houses. ③ Isolation index. From the perspective of population composition and apartheid. Although social regional analysis has been criticized a lot, this method has been successfully applied in a large number of research practices of human location science, and many meaningful opinions have been put forward on the nature of urban structure.
The terms model and simulation model usually refer to general statements in social sciences about specifying or explaining the basic properties of something. When the model is used for human body positioning, the production of the model generally involves modern statistical mathematical equations, curves, charts and maps. K. Schwirian divided two types of location models, namely, regional characteristic location model and group characteristic location model. The former includes classical models (concentric circles, sectors and multi-cores), factor models (social area analysis) and density models, while the latter includes residential isolation models and group location models. There are many similarities between simulation and model, both of which try to summarize social conditions and the most important factors in social conditions. In the simulation, key variables are used to understand the influence of changes in conditions. In the model, key variables are used to describe actual phenomena. The simulation method provides an important means for locationists to explore the interaction law between various elements in location distribution and predict the future evolution of urban location structure.
philology
Amos H. Hawley, Institute of Human Ecology, Ronald Press, new york, 1950.
R. Parker, Human Community: City and Human Ecology, Free Press, new york, 1952.
Object 1 ... the existence corresponding to the subject (not me)
2. Object (scope ● object ● goal ● theme ● theme ● goal)
3. Philosophically, it refers to the objective things outside the subject, which is the object of the subject's understanding and practice.
4. Legally, it refers to the object pointed by the rights and obligations of the subject, including object and behavior.
5 。 Morality refers to relative rights.