Bad guys and villains
From the first year of Jianning (168) to the sixth year of Zhong Ping (this year has four titles in the history of China: the sixth year of Zhong Ping, the first year of Liu Biangui, the third year of Zhao Ning and the first year of Yong Han, namely 189), 265438+.
With the participation of the world's intellectual elite, Qiu Chenfan cooperated with General Dou Wu for the first time. As a result, Chen Fan died first, followed by Dou Wu, and all the intellectual elites were arrested. The second time, Yuan Shao, a captain of Li Si, conspired with blades, a consort. Although participants are no longer the world's intellectual elite, they are still state, county and court officials with relevant knowledge background. As a result, blades died, but Yuan Shao didn't. He led the troops and killed all the eunuchs. Eunuch was killed, but Dong Zhuo came, and Liu Hanchao was completely destroyed.
You may ask: If Yuan Shao can solve the eunuch himself, why did he invite Mr. Dong Zhuo, who is more cruel than the rich wolf, to come to Beijing to exterminate the eunuch? Does it mean that Yuan Shao advised blades to move Dong Zhuo to Beijing, hoping that he would destroy the Han family and then steal the world into his own hands?
This is a bold conjecture, as bold as Goldbach's conjecture in the history of mathematics. Although this conjecture requires extraordinary courage and ideological ability, it overestimates Yuan Shao and is also suspected of falsely calling him Yuan Shao. In Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Mr. Chuanshan analyzed that the courtship of eunuchs at the end of the Han Dynasty led to the final demise of the Han Dynasty, and said seven important reasons, the sixth of which was: "Brother Yuan Shao, with ulterior motives, took advantage of the situation to make trouble, and had no royal sincerity; Cao Cao knows what he knows and does what he does, but he is ambitious and listens to the royal family. " What Mr. Chuanshan said here belongs to this bold assumption and lacks strong factual basis.
When blades killed eunuchs in this way, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, although their intentions may not be "pure", did not get up and disturb the world, hoping to make things big and make the world chaos, so as to get lucky. Although they are no longer in Chicheng like Chen Fan and Li Ying in the Han Dynasty, they do not have the idea of "evil intentions", especially the idea of "taking advantage of the situation to make trouble". Because the world is in chaos, it may be true that they didn't wait for Yuan Shao and Cao Cao to "construct" and "wait for change". However, they all attach great importance to their status as important officials in the imperial court and hope to make a difference in that position in order to continue their promotion. Therefore, the so-called "sit tight" should not mean seizing the opportunity to steal political power.
Judging from the actual situation in history, Yuan Shao's plan to kill eunuchs with blades this time is different from that of Dou Wu and Chen Fan. Although Dou Wu was also trying to seize the power in the hands of eunuchs at that time, he had no direct personal feud with eunuchs. Yuan Shao participated in the killing of eunuchs, mainly to help Blade, and at most only relied on Blade's promotion, without other "far-reaching" attempts.
In the last years of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, the eunuch Jian Shuo was afraid that the blade would be bad for him in the future. He, together with other eunuchs, kept blowing into Emperor Han Ling's ear, saying that this was the cool Han Sui in the west, and he had always defied the imperial court, but he was cunning and difficult to deal with. He once sent Zhang Wen to crusade, dispersed for a while, and came back. Han Sui is a border issue of the imperial court and must be solved. It is suggested that General Blade personally lead his troops to conquer, so as to transfer Blade from the imperial court. After Emperor Ling wrote a letter, blades dragged on until Emperor Ling died on the grounds that his troops were not ready. Before Emperor Yangdi died, he wanted to abolish the 14-year-old Queen He and set up a 9-year-old one. Before he could deal with it, he was terminally ill and entrusted the matter to the eunuch Jian Shuo before he died. After the death of Emperor Yangdi, Jianshuo obeyed the emperor's orders and prepared to abolish Bian and let Liu Xie succeed him. Jian Shuo was afraid that Liu Bian's uncle, General blades, would obstruct him, so he wanted to kill blades first and then frame Liu Xie. The result was leaked.
After Liu Bian acceded to the throne, He Taihou was honored as the Empress Dowager, and Blade was able to take full control of state affairs. Blades immediately revenge, first get rid of Jian Shuo.
Yuan Shao took the opportunity to hope that blades would drive all eunuchs out of the court. His intention is not to seize power by himself. Blades couldn't convince the Empress Dowager, and Yuan Shaocai came up with an idea to call foreign soldiers to intimidate the Empress Dowager (that is, to frighten women). The purpose is only to eliminate eunuchs, not to attract Dong Zhuo to Beijing. Moreover, Dong Zhuo was not the only one recruited at that time. Including blades cronies-general Wang Kuang, riding captain Bao Xin, and satrap Qiao Huan. , are recruited to troops into Beijing. Blades even ordered his generals-Wu Meng, a surname, to annex the state secretariat of Ding Yuan, led the troops into Hanoi County, a suburb of the capital, and also attacked Mengjin County near Luoyang, set fire to the city, and made a scene, making a gesture that eunuchs would break through the capital and implement "suppression of soldiers" unless they were driven away. Empress He was frightened by the soaring flames, so she had to agree that Blade should temporarily "dismiss" the eunuchs and stop them from serving in the palace.
At this time, Dong Zhuo was approaching the capital, and Jin Xuan ordered him to return to the headquarters. Dong Zhuo had to temporarily retreat for dozens of miles and wait for the opportunity.
However, Zhang Rang, the great eunuch, went to complain to Wu Yangjun, the mother of Yellow Crane. He Mu, the old mother knighted by Wu Yangjun, quickly entered the palace to intercede with the eunuchs, and then recruited all the eunuchs back. When Yuan Shao saw that the situation was going to reverse, he continued to encourage Blade, saying that he had already done one thing, so he must hold on and don't hesitate, otherwise he would make the same mistake as Dou Wu. Blades, though seemingly firm, appointed Yuan Shao as the captain of Li Si, responsible for cleaning up the eunuch's escape. But deep down, I'm still hesitant, hesitant. In order to strengthen the confidence of Blade and carry out the "cause" of expelling eunuchs to the end, Yuan Shao first ordered local officials to search for eunuchs' relatives in the local area. Under Yuan Shao's repeated urging, Blade entered the palace again, asking He Taihou to punish the eunuch, and was heard by the eunuch lurking outside the window. From ruin, the eunuchs decided to strike first. As soon as Blade left the palace, the eunuch cut off his head. When Dong Zhuo heard that the palace had changed, he immediately led the people into Beijing and took control of the court. At that time, there was only Dong Zhuo, but there were no Yuan Shao and Cao Cao. It was really "taking advantage of the system chaos" and "waiting for change".
Eunuch killed blades, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu and blades' younger brother He Miao. At that time, in desperation, the dog jumped over the wall, led the crowd to attack the palace, rushed into the palace and almost killed all the eunuchs.
When Emperor Han Ling just died, He Taihou listened to politics, and Yuan Shao's intention of recruiting was just to put pressure on the Queen Mother to agree to kill the eunuch. It is not difficult to kill eunuchs, and the queen mother agrees. The queen mother doesn't agree, and she can't kill the eunuch in vain. But it is more difficult to get the queen mother to agree to kill the eunuch than to kill the eunuch itself.
Maybe you will ask this question: Yuan Shao still refuses to listen to the queen mother's will, or kills these eunuchs without imperial edict. Even the beardless people who are not eunuchs have to take off their pants to show everyone that they are not eunuchs before they can get their lives back. How do you explain this?
It's not hard to explain.
Now the eunuch killed blades, indicating that the eunuch took the lead in ignoring the existence of the court. The Queen Mother neither agreed that Blade killed the eunuch nor that the eunuch killed her maiden brother, that is, her patron. Since the eunuchs ignored the existence of the court, Yuan Shao and others can naturally follow suit. Of course, the most important thing is that Yuan Shao can't wait any longer and will die soon. The worm still cherishes life, can the trapped beast not fight? If the dog is smart enough to know that his master is going to kill him, once he can't escape, he will attack his master first, regardless of the meaning of "master-slave" or "monarch-minister". This is not surprising at all. The positions of monarchs and ministers, as well as masters and slaves, are safely placed there under normal circumstances. When it comes to "Do or die", there will naturally be a new style. If the king must kill the minister for no reason, then the master must also kill the slave for no reason. At this time, ministers are no longer like ministers, and slaves are no longer slaves.
Therefore, Yuan Shao led troops into the palace to slay eunuchs, and it was not necessary to ask him to attract foreign soldiers to Beijing to coerce the queen mother to agree to slay eunuchs. There is no need to introduce many details to disturb our view of the historical process. "ulterior motives" and "taking the opportunity to make trouble" do exist in Dong Zhuo, but they really don't exist in Yuan Shao. He is not so cunning, not so old-fashioned, especially not so ruthless and overreaching. We don't need to raise him easily, and we shouldn't slander him at will.
Yuan Shao is definitely not a good person or even a bad person, and his later performance can especially illustrate this point. When Yuan Shao tricked Han Fu into winning Jizhou, Bao Xin clearly said to Cao Cao: "Yuan Shao is the leader of the alliance, and it will be chaotic because of the patent right. This is another success. If you restrain yourself, you can't force control, only by making things difficult. And you can rectify Jiangnan and wait for it to change. " It is said that once Yuan Shao succeeds, he will become the second Dong Zhuo. Bao Xin suggested that Cao Cao first develop his power south of the Yellow River and wait and see the changes of the times.
Mr. Chuanshan said that Cao Cao was "waiting for change", but it actually only started from this time. When the blade killed the eunuch, as Cao Cao, in fact, it can be said that it is "nothing to change." Whether Cao Cao is quiet or not, Cao Cao is not wrong.
Yuan Shao began to have different ambitions, obviously after Dong Zhuo took control of the state affairs and escaped from Luoyang himself. Not only Yuan Shao and Cao Cao, but also Sun Jian, Gongsun Zan, Liu Biao and Gong Sundu. It was at this time that many warlords began to make clear their plans. Yuan Shu, who later proclaimed himself emperor, was not necessarily earlier than them. Dong Zhuo led the army to Beijing to control the state affairs, which was a real turning point in the psychological changes of warlords and officials inside and outside the government at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. When they saw that the court was no longer a court and the country was no longer a country, they began to feel cold. After being completely cold, my heart changed completely.
Yuan Shao is not a villain. To say that the real villain in this period is Dong Zhuo. Only Dong Zhuo is the real villain in this historical period. This little man has done a lot of bad things, and he has done a lot of evil things. Such as persecuting ministers and forcibly and rudely changing kings; Killing people in the community for no reason, cutting off all the male heads, hanging them on saddles, and forcibly assigning their wives and daughters to their soldiers to be wives and concubines, but insisting that they want the thief to return; And forcibly moved the capital, publicly excavated and destroyed the tombs of all the emperors in the Eastern Han Dynasty-even the tombs of important ministers, and robbed them of their treasures. Of course, he ordered Lu Bu to do it, but he didn't do it himself. As for the evil things he did, you can go and see the biography of the reflection of Dong Zhuo, so I won't waste my time here. Although Dong Zhuo did all the bad things, he also did a good thing, that is, completely knocked down the rotten "earth wall" of the Han Dynasty.
Nietzsche, a German philosopher, said: If a wall has rotted to an incurable point, then don't maintain it or repair it. But simply push down. Otherwise, more and more people will be nervous, afraid and even crushed, and in short, they will be hurt.
After Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, it became a cage for good people and a hell on earth.
It is not necessarily evil forces, but can only be destroyed by evil forces. But good people are attached to the past, timid, unable to bear it, and even try their best to maintain and repair it; Although the bad guys have ulterior motives, they don't want to be the first to be strong, nor do they want to expose their bad intentions; Even the "devil man" Zhang Jiao brothers called on the world to raise the "banner of justice", but they did not overthrow it. At such times, we have to rely on the wicked. The wicked are the worst, regardless of the consequences. They "see gold but not people", and they are not afraid of taking risks when they see profit, regardless of the consequences of success or failure. As long as you can be evil once, you will be satisfied.
Dong Zhuo is harmful to nature and causes harm to people's eyes and ears; However, it is hopeless and necessary for him to completely tear down an old rotten wall and smash the Eastern Han regime, which has caused great harm to the people. Without Dong Zhuo, the courtiers of the Han Dynasty would have supported the new emperor Huan and the Emperor Ling, and maintained the unspeakable evil regime, allowing it to continue to bring endless disasters to the world and destroy its subjects. No one, including Yuan Shao and Cao Cao, dared to stand up and say that I want to save the world and build a brand-new dynasty. Moreover, such an opportunity was far from mature at that time.
At this critical moment in history, those treacherous officials who haggle over the gains and losses, especially those so-called "loyal officials" who want to go down in history and become the duke of Zhou or loyal officials, have consciously or unconsciously degenerated into "cowardly accomplices" of the decadent Han Dynasty. They either helped the Han dynasty to rectify and repair this rotten wall, such as the intellectual elite at the end of the Han dynasty; Or just stand there and watch the world be corrupted, but have no courage to rush out and actually save the world and people by overthrowing the old dynasty, such as ordinary intellectuals and government ministers. It is not necessarily that they lack a real sense of responsibility and the courage to risk their lives. It's just that the historical and cultural tradition of respecting the monarch in China is almost blind, and it doesn't give them an open and clear legitimate reason to overthrow the monarch.
Mr. Chuanshan said, "My husband wanted to hold on to the inside, but he couldn't get help from the upright people outside. If he makes progress, that's not enough. " The mistakes of the past are reserved for the future. "This is a theory. Where is a person like He Jin qualified to enter the discourse system of Chuanshan evaluation? Mr. Chuanshan put him in his own words, just for the convenience of describing history and providing some reference for picking it up.
After analyzing these seven important reasons, Mr. Chuanshan said: "Where the emperor gives it, the people in the world give it, the people with lofty ideals give it, the people in the world are entitled to be baited, and the people do not wear relatives, but they are brutally abused, and the days are cut away, and they are lonely and have accumulated years of prostitution." If this person, his downfall, all overnight, Jiang exhausted fish rotten and spared no effort. The wise will wait for the sky, and the brave will be responsible for themselves. Don't be surprised at the difficulty of returning to heaven. "This is a thorough theory. But this subtle statement seems to have exceeded the time limit for the blade to kill the eunuch, obviously referring to Dong Zhuo. It seems that Mr. Chuanshan's previous evaluation of Yuan Shao and Cao Cao combined the two things of killing eunuchs with the blade and bringing disaster to the country and people by Dong Zhuo, which made his evaluation of Yuan Shao and Cao Cao's performance at that time present a false situation of "conjecture".
In this chaotic historical moment when the world is extremely erosive and the regime is decaying, only the real rebel thieves dare to get away with it. Dong Zhuo resolutely cut the throat of the Han Dynasty with the courageous spirit of "Who will go to hell if I don't go to hell", making it completely impossible for him to survive. Of course, Dong Zhuo's "courage" is not out of the consciousness of taking responsibility and saving the world, but only out of his personal psychology of seizing power and seeking profits. In the history of China, the fate of the wicked Dong Zhuo is similar. When they overthrow the old dynasty, they are likely to perish with them. However, due to the overall chaos in the world, the requirements and opportunities for re-integration have followed. The chapter of history can be rewritten from here.
Both Marx and Engels highly praised the German classical philosopher Hegel's assertion that "evil is the driving force of historical development", and followed Hegel to further expound the important role of evil in promoting historical development.
"Evil is the driving force of historical development." It was Dong Zhuo who couldn't restrain his evil greed and didn't want to restrain himself, so he dared to stand up crazily, call for wind and rain, seize power, rape, plunder and kill innocent people, and finally overthrew the decadent rule of the Han Dynasty.
Dong Zhuo sent the Han Dynasty to the crematorium, and he followed the flame spilled from the outside to the bones. There was chaos in the world, and a group of heroes suddenly emerged, which led to the era known as the Three Kingdoms in China's history.