Nine Chapters Arithmetic is a monograph of ancient mathematics in China, which inherits the development of mathematics in the pre-Qin period. After entering the Han Dynasty, it was edited by many scholars, about the second half of the first century. Its appearance marks the formation of China's ancient mathematical system.

Most mathematicians in later generations began to learn and study mathematical knowledge from "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic". Both Tang and Song Dynasties were clearly defined as textbooks by the state. 1084 was published by the Northern Song Dynasty, and it was the earliest printed mathematics book in the world.

Nine Chapters Arithmetic contains 246 math problems, which are divided into nine chapters. They are: Tian Fang, Li Mi, Descent, Shao Guang, Shanggong, Equal Loss, Insufficient Profit, Equation and Pythagorean.

Nine Chapters Arithmetic is the earliest book in the world that systematically describes fractional operation. Among them, the residual algorithm is an amazing creation; The chapter "Equation" also expounds the negative number and its addition and subtraction algorithm for the first time in the history of world mathematics.