As far as the acquisition of personal knowledge is concerned, it generally comes from two aspects. On the one hand, a lot of perceptual knowledge is obtained through personal practice, and then promoted to rational knowledge through thinking, which constitutes a small part of the source of personal knowledge. On the other hand, it directly inherits the knowledge accumulated by human beings in long-term practice, and transforms social knowledge into personal knowledge, which is the main source or most of the knowledge of middle school students, as Engels said: "Everyone no longer needs to experience it personally; His personal experience, to some extent, can be replaced by the results of the experience of his ancestors. " Of all the ways to pass on knowledge, reading is the main way.

In fact, when studying at school, you can't understand all the knowledge just by attending classes. It can be said that the study in the student era is inseparable from reading for one day. Teachers and students need books in their studies. Without books and reading, learning will be very difficult. You know, the teacher left after class, but the book was always with us.

Middle school is the golden age of life, so we should cherish this carefree and energetic precious time. We should make full use of this stage to study more, inherit the precious knowledge and wealth of mankind and lay a solid foundation for our lifelong career. At the same time, the increased reading ability in reading activities will lay a solid foundation for lifelong self-study.

(A) constantly improve the basic conditions for reading.

What are the requirements for reading?

(1) Master the basic knowledge of commonly used words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and articles.

Reading is to acquire knowledge by processing words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and articles. If you don't master this knowledge, reading will become a "heavenly book".

If middle school students can master 5000 words, they will have no problem reading ordinary articles. The reason why some students have poor reading ability is that they have not mastered enough expressions of words, words (mainly content words) and phrases, and concepts are the "cells" of thinking. Sentences are linguistic units connected by words according to certain grammatical rules, which are generally used to express judgments and relatively complete ideas. To understand a sentence, we should master not only the meaning of the sentence, but also the grammar. Without language, thinking does not exist. Therefore, difficulties in reading are often caused by ignorance of the meaning of words and sentences. Therefore, it is very important to learn Chinese well and enrich your language knowledge consciously in reading.

Scientists clearly pointed out the importance of learning Chinese well with personal experience.

A mathematician said, "It's hard to imagine that a person with no distinction between arts and sciences and full of typos can express mathematical connotation with strict logic." Su, a famous mathematician, said: "I have laid a good Chinese foundation since I was a child, which is of great help to me in learning other subjects." I also think that learning Chinese well is very helpful to train my thinking and make my thinking more organized. These are of great benefit to my future study of mathematics. " People praised Sue as a "mathematical poet".

(2) Master basic scientific knowledge.

If you don't master the basic concepts and knowledge of natural science and social science, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even difficulty to reading. Some people say that in the 2 1 century, if you don't understand biochemistry and ecology, you may not even understand newspapers. There are many technical terms such as ecological balance, ecosystem, genetic engineering and gene in newspapers. Many people seem to understand it because they lack the basic knowledge of biology in high school. It can be seen that if modern society wants to improve its reading ability, it must master basic scientific and cultural knowledge as soon as possible.

(3) can use reference books.

When reading, it is inevitable that some words are unknown and some can't be remembered at the moment. At this time, if you have reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary, Modern Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Idiom Dictionary, you can look them up in time to eliminate reading obstacles. Of course, according to the needs of reading, we also need to prepare some corresponding reference books and consult them at any time.

If the reference books are complete and the retrieval is skilled, reading will be much smoother. Of course, you can further enrich your knowledge by consulting reference books.

(2) study purposefully and in a planned way.

Facing the vast sea of books, if reading has no purpose and plan, it will be at a loss.

Middle school students spend most of their time in the classroom, and they have to complete a day's study task every day. So there is not much time available for reading, especially after class. If reading has no purpose and plan, precious reading time will not be fully and profitably utilized.

{Middle school students' reading should take this goal as the starting point:}

It is conducive to learning basic knowledge, giving full play to one's strengths, making up one's shortcomings and improving one's reading ability.

Pay attention to when arranging the reading plan:

Read some related extracurricular books around the textbook. For example, reading some history of science and technology and biographies related to in-class learning will help to improve the interest in in-class learning, enrich the content of in-class learning and make the thinking more active.

Read some related extracurricular books around your hobbies or characteristics. A student who likes science can regularly go to the reading room to read relevant newspapers and magazines, and a student who likes liberal arts can regularly read various literary publications or read literary masterpieces during holidays.

As for the choice of extracurricular books, you can ask teachers, senior students or classmates, or parents. Learning from their good experience is really a good way to save time. If you choose a good book, you can gain more in less time.

Choosing a good book and reasonably allocating reading time can not only improve reading efficiency, but also affect classroom learning. If you persist for a long time, your weaknesses in learning can be made up, and your personal strengths can also be developed, which not only promotes learning in class, but also enriches your spiritual life after class.

Many students lack purposefulness and planning in reading. They often read detective novels and martial arts novels out of ignorance, reaching the point where they can't put it down. They burn the midnight oil to read these books and fail to finish their homework, which seriously interferes with and affects their study in class. This is a bad reading tendency.

(C) handle the relationship between expository writing and intensive reading.

Reading widely means reading books extensively, the purpose of which is to have a general understanding of the contents of books, so as to discover the essence of books and much-needed knowledge. Extensive reading can learn from others, just as Lu Xun said: "Reading only one person's works will lead to bad results and little benefit. You must pick many flowers to make honey like a bee. If you bite in one place, your income will be limited and boring. "

Explanatory writing is to read a large number of books in a short time and create conditions for intensive reading. The general method is: look at the catalogue, find useful content from the catalogue, and then browse the relevant parts, so as to choose books in the bookstore; Look at the content tips, read the first few paragraphs and the last few paragraphs of the book, and master the general content of the book; You can also use the fast reading method, that is, reading at a faster speed to get the general idea.

On the basis of elaboration, choose the best books of its kind for intensive reading. Read other similar books after intensive reading. In intensive reading, you should "chew slowly", think more, read repeatedly and take notes carefully.

Mathematician Zhang Guanghou said when talking about learning a math booklet: "This paper has more than 20 sides. I have been reading it over and over for more than half a year, because I always touch these pages with my hands, leaving an obvious black line on the edge of the white paper. Such repeated research will greatly promote our research work. My wife said,' This is not learning! Just like eating a book. "

To read books intensively, we should understand them once, that is, to understand the basic contents of books; Second, remember what you understand; Three meetings, that is, these understanding knowledge will be used; Four skills, that is, being able to skillfully express what you have learned from books or use it to analyze and solve problems.

Middle school is a basic education, which is the stage of laying the foundation, so the goal of intensive reading should be aimed at textbooks and main reference books.

(4) be diligent in thinking.

Einstein said: "find out what can lead you to the depths in the books you read, and throw away everything else, that is, throw away everything that will overload your mind and lure you away from the requirements." In other words, when reading, we should grasp the essence of the book and realize the transformation from shallow to deep.

Coleridge, an English poet, once divided readers into four categories: the first category is like an hourglass that leaks sand, which is injected and leaked out, leaving no trace at last; The second kind is like a sponge, which sucks everything and squeezes everything, leaving things intact and even dirty; The third kind is like a bag for filtering soybean milk, where all the soybean milk flows, leaving only bean dregs; The fourth kind is like the drudgery of digging gems, throwing away the slag and asking for pure gems. The meaning of this passage is that when reading, we should take the essence and discard the dross.

Hua said: "Comrades with high school education can recall the elementary school arithmetic and junior high school algebra they studied in the past. Do you still have that much in your mind? " Not that much. Because we understand, we will use it, which means that the book becomes thinner. "The meaning of this passage is to realize the transformation from many and miscellaneous to few and refined when reading.

To sum up, we should make every effort to "keep precious stones", "lead to the depths" and "read thin books" when reading. So be diligent in thinking.

Specifically, we should do the following:

(1) Try to understand.

When reading, you should think while reading, and try to understand and grasp the central ideas and basic principles mentioned in the book. When reading, think about each paragraph and understand the truth. Read the whole text, read it together, think about it together, and find the connection between paragraphs, so as to understand an article, a text or a chapter as a whole.

(2) Clear your mind

Ye Shengtao, a famous educator, said: "The article is thoughtful and follows the Tao to know the truth." It means that every article reflects the author's thinking, and only by following this thinking can we understand the essence of the article. It can be seen how important it is to clear your mind for reading.

When reading natural science works, we should not only understand the conclusions of principles, laws, laws and formulas put forward in the book, but also clarify the ideas of the article and see how these conclusions are drawn. Dr. Li Zhengdao said: "After reading a paragraph, you should close the book and think about your own thoughts. If you can't get out, go back to the book and think about why you can't get out and why others can get through. " When reading, only remember the ready-made conclusions, no matter how these conclusions are drawn, it is difficult to improve the thinking ability in reading.

(3) Being able to ask questions

There are generally two kinds of problems found in reading: one is to think that some viewpoints in the book are incorrect and incomplete according to one's own knowledge, and put forward different meanings or supplements; One is because they don't have enough knowledge, so there are problems that they don't understand. With the improvement of knowledge and ability, middle school students find that the first kind of problems will gradually increase, while the second kind of problems will gradually decrease.

Once problems are found, you will gain more by reading relevant books and thinking deeply. It is also possible to discover new knowledge and gain new insights.

(4) Independent memory, learn to express accurately.

After reading, you should check the effect of reading by memory. You should be good at expressing what you understand in concise language and write it in your reading notes for future reference. Qian Weichang once said, "When studying, you only need to know its outline, its main spirit and main problems. Learn the most important things first, and then look back to see what problems you have solved and what problems have not been solved?" ? For the problems that can't be solved at the moment, it's best to record them in a small notebook for later solution. "

(5) take reading notes.

William Liebknecht said in the article "Remembering Marx": "As long as there is a little possibility, he will continue to work. Even if he goes for a walk, he will bring a notebook and write something on it from time to time. " In order to write Das Kapital, from August 1850 to June 1853, Marx extracted 70 works by different authors and wrote 24 notes on political economy. In the process of writing Das Kapital, he extracted more than 1500 books and wrote at least 1000 notes.

Marx wrote down the time and place of taking notes on the cover of his notes, numbered them, and some even added titles ... Every note was numbered, and many notes were catalogued and summarized for future reference.

Hegel also has a unique habit of reading and studying, which is to classify the books he has read according to linguistics, aesthetics, geometry and psychology and put them in labeled folders. In this way, when you need any materials, you can always get them. He stuck to this habit all his life.

There are 5,000 cards extracted from A Brief History of Chinese Novels written by Lu Xun.

(1) Deepen understanding and consolidate memory.

The process of taking notes is a process of deepening understanding and strengthening memory. Some people say, "It's better to read it a thousand times than to copy it by hand." Even the simplest excerpts need to use your brain to extract the most wonderful places. As for writing experiences, it is even more necessary to use your brain. Therefore, with the desire to "take notes", it will inevitably urge you to concentrate on reading. In addition, compared with books, notes are naturally more concise, profound and generalized, which is not only conducive to understanding, but also conducive to memory.

(2) It helps to accumulate information and make knowledge "stored outside"

After reading for a long time, you can accumulate a lot of materials that meet your needs through notes to make up for the lack of memory in your mind. Because remembering with the brain is often not accurate and lasting, it is inevitable to forget, remember wrong or confuse. If the materials are classified and preserved, they can serve the study and future work for a long time. As long as you don't lose it, there is no problem of "forgetting". As long as you look at it before using it, these "external storage" materials can become "internal storage" memories, making the use of knowledge handy. When recalling Marx, Paul Laffargue said, "He has a habit of rereading his notes and marked places in the book every once in a while to consolidate his very strong and accurate memory."

Many middle school students trust their memories when reading, and are too lazy to write, so that when they need to analyze and solve problems with the gains of reading, they completely forget it, which is a pity.

There are also middle school students who take a lot of notes, but they don't know how to sort them out regularly or how to keep them properly. Therefore, when they need it, they are too chaotic to find it and become "dead materials."

Generally, intensive books can be taken notes with notebooks, and extensive books can be taken notes with loose-leaf paper, and then sorted regularly.

If you learn to take reading notes and accumulate information in middle school, it will not only promote classroom learning, but also help students learn a set of reading methods and improve their reading ability over time, which will certainly bring great benefits to their self-study after they take up their jobs.

[Improve mathematical understanding]

First, pay attention to the derivation process.

Any introduction of mathematical knowledge has its reasons and background, so to understand mathematical knowledge correctly, we should not only focus on the final conclusion, but also understand the whole process of the evolution and development of this knowledge, and experience knowledge through this situational process, so as to achieve the purpose of truly understanding knowledge. After learning the elliptic standard equation, how can students set constants to help simplify and solve it? In fact, the two constants in the concept of ellipse can be set arbitrarily, as long as the sum of the distances to two fixed points is greater than the constant of the distance between the two fixed points. However, if we can understand how to remove the root sign from the formula derivation, the key to this problem can be solved. There is no letter B in the final equation. It is only because mathematics also pursues the beauty of symmetry that b2=a2-c2 is set, which not only simplifies the elliptic standard method, but also embodies the beauty of mathematical symmetry. Understand the derivation process and know the origin of letters. Are you afraid that it will not find the elliptic standard equation again?

2. Integrate theory with practice

Many mathematical concepts and principles are extracted from practice. Mathematics cannot be separated from life, and life cannot be separated from mathematics. When building a wall, construction workers often fix a line with a vertical endpoint at a higher place, and then build a wall along this line to ensure that the wall is vertical to the horizontal plane. According to this principle, we refine it into a judgment theorem that the plane is perpendicular to the plane. We can use the most economical material to hold a certain volume of liquid or use the same material to make it vertical. According to the mathematical principle, among some containers made of the same material, the volume of spherical container is the least material-saving, but the spherical container is easy to roll and unstable to put up, and the cover it needs is not easy to make, so it is not practical to put solid containers, such as boxes, boxes and cabinets. Why not make it cylindrical? Although cylindrical containers save materials, it is not economical to hold solid things, so they are generally made into cuboids. With this example, unfamiliar math problems suddenly become familiar, friendly and easy to understand. It is difficult for most students to understand and accept if they only talk from textbooks. Therefore, paying attention to connecting with life is helpful to understand mathematics knowledge, and at the same time, it is necessary to contact various knowledge points. They should not be isolated. They should be good at developing association and analogy on the basis of existing knowledge and thinking, and promote thinking to understand new knowledge and master new content.

Step 3 do it yourself

For some mathematical problems that are difficult to understand at the moment, we can do operations, demonstrations and experiments to promote the brain in the process of operations, so as to stimulate thinking inspiration and understand and master mathematical knowledge. Solid geometry is the biggest headache for students. If students are asked to make more cylinders, cones and spheres, then demonstrate some simple geometries, and finally draw some cubes, pyramids and even some auxiliary lines, the teaching effect may be more obvious.

4. Grasp the essence

The external expression process of many mathematical contents is very long and the form is very complicated, which seems difficult to understand at the moment. At this time, it is necessary to carefully observe and calmly analyze it to find out its substantive things. For example, the definition of the angle formed by straight lines on different planes is to translate it into an acute angle or a right angle formed by the intersection of straight lines. The essence of two steps of mathematical induction is to prove whether the problems involved have continuous transmission relationship, and grasping the essence of mathematical knowledge is the key to understanding mathematical knowledge. Induction is an important method for us to learn mathematics. With the deepening of the course, the expansion of knowledge and the diversity of questions, it is impossible to improve learning efficiency by blindly engaging in sea tactics. We should improve the learning effect by solving limited exercises. I think induction is a better method. Although there are many math problems, it looks like prose, "the form is scattered but the spirit is not scattered", so we should try our best to summarize various forms through "induction". Therefore, we should try our best to understand its essence and summarize its main points in order to truly understand and master mathematical knowledge.

5. Improve the formation of ideas.

The formation of ideas is a long process. It should be admitted that the formation of ideas has a great relationship with personal thinking quality, experience and habits. As long as students work hard and "where there is a will, there is a way", they will certainly make progress. To this end, we advocate the following:

(1), grasp the foundation.

Concepts, definitions, axioms, formulas, basic graphics, etc. Are the basis for solving problems. To solve the problem of any number, we must use the relevant basic knowledge and firmly grasp the basic knowledge, which is the prerequisite and necessary condition for the formation of problem-solving thinking.

(2) The purpose of doing the problem is to consolidate and strengthen the application of basic knowledge, and at the same time cultivate the ability of independent thinking. Many students are too arrogant to get high marks, mainly because they don't practice enough at ordinary times. "All successful mathematicians are born." When solving problems, we should advocate general methods and general solutions. Only by mastering the basic ideas and basic solutions can we form "ingenious" ideas and produce ingenious solutions.

(3) Pay attention to the reflection after solving the problem.

Conduct a multi-level and multi-angle comprehensive investigation, analysis and reflection on the problems and problems solved. If the topic is right, think about whether there is a better solution. No, what is the reason? Whether it is a calculation error or a known condition is strengthened. , explore the general laws, communicate the relationship between knowledge, so as to draw inferences from others and achieve mastery through a comprehensive study.

(4) Develop good learning quality and personality.

In the process of solving problems, we should dare to face difficulties and setbacks, learn from others with an open mind and be diligent in asking questions. Only by working hard can we think clearly and smoothly when solving problems.

The above are just a few commonly used methods to help students understand mathematics. Students can use it alone or in combination, and pay attention to constantly summing up experience in application to develop thinking and form correct problem-solving ideas, thus improving our mathematical understanding ability and improving the quality and level of mathematics learning.

[Improve English comprehension]

Although the score of reading comprehension questions in the senior high school entrance examination English paper is 40, in fact, cloze and dialogue completion in the application of English knowledge belong to the category of reading comprehension, with a total score of 65. Therefore, the design of the test questions in the senior high school entrance examination English paper puts forward new tasks and higher requirements for the teaching of reading comprehension in middle schools. So, how can we effectively improve students' reading comprehension? After years of teaching practice, the author mainly talks about how to cultivate students' reading skills and how to improve students' understanding ability from the following aspects.

First of all, we should understand the purpose of reading and the connotation of reading comprehension.

Reading is a psychological process and a process of interaction between readers and language. It is a process in which readers use syntactic, semantic and textual knowledge and existing knowledge and experience to predict, think and obtain information purposefully. Reading comprehension is to effectively process these obtained information, so as to accurately understand the content and ideas of the article, including understanding the surface structure and deep structure expressed by the author in words. This process involves readers' language ability, logical reasoning ability, analysis and induction ability and fast reading ability.

1. Language ability: including being familiar with basic English grammar and structure and mastering a certain number of phrases and idioms.

2. Logical reasoning ability: Readers use existing knowledge, including cultural knowledge and life experience, to infer the information provided by the article and correctly understand its meaning.

3. Analysis and induction ability: Reading materials always have a purpose, a theme and a central idea. Analysis and induction can make readers distinguish the arguments, paragraphs and plots of the article and play a summary role.

4. Fast reading ability: The reading ability is not only the level of understanding, but also the speed of reading. Reading comprehension and reading speed are inseparable elements of reading ability. If your understanding ability is poor, your speed will be very slow.

Second, analyze the obstacles and reasons of students' reading comprehension ability.

1, as an important part of English teaching in middle schools, reading teaching has not been paid enough attention. In the classroom, teachers only pay attention to the explanation, only attach importance to the teaching of language knowledge, spend a lot of time and energy on the analysis of grammar and vocabulary, and teach the texts that help improve students' reading comprehension as language materials, ignoring the ideological content and cultural customs of the texts, so that students' text learning only stays in the language form. In this way, after learning the text, students still don't know much about the content and theme of the textbook, can't understand the author's deep intention, and can't improve their understanding ability without using written materials. All these directly affect the cultivation of students' reading ability.

2. From the reality of English teaching in middle schools, intensive reading and in-class reading have always been attached importance, while extensive reading, extracurricular reading and silent reading have become the weak links in teaching, and they are all indispensable links in the cultivation of reading ability. The former is generally a single intensive reading course, which leads to students' narrow reading range, limited exposure to language materials and limited knowledge of English, which directly affects the cultivation of students' reading comprehension ability.

3. There are more teachers' activities and less students' activities in middle school classroom teaching. As for students, they are trained in grammar, vocabulary and sentence patterns, and lack scientific reading methods and skills, so their independent ability is poor and their reading speed is slow. Without correct guidance, students generally have some bad habits when reading, which also affects the improvement of reading ability.

Third, methods and skills to improve students' reading comprehension.

To sum up, we can find that in order to cultivate reading ability, readers must experience the reading process personally, and at the same time, they must reform teaching methods and adhere to the guidance and training of scientific reading methods and skills in order to improve reading comprehension. The specific method is as follows:

1. Holistic teaching method: that is, to teach the text as a whole, first guide students to pay attention to the overall content of the text, inspire and guide students to fully understand the meaning of the text story, first chapter, then paragraph, and finally understand the deep meaning of the text. The order is whole-part-synthesis-application.

2. Background introduction: namely, the teaching of cultural knowledge in English teaching. The cultural knowledge here mainly refers to customs and lifestyles. Because different nationalities have different cultural patterns, daily habits and customs, it will have a direct impact on students' written communication and oral communication ability, and also help to improve students' cultural quality, ideological quality and psychological quality, which is more conducive to improving their understanding ability.

3. Fast reading training: to cultivate fast reading ability, we must first stimulate reading motivation and cultivate reading interest. When people's needs have a special purpose, they will be transformed into motivation. So is the demand for English fast reading. When readers are eager to get the information and knowledge they need, their self-study and enthusiasm-motivation naturally arise. Therefore, reading materials can choose some books that can produce some fun or interest to readers, which will make readers in a state of neither boredom nor anxiety, which is called "willing to accept" state. Once the interest is formed, readers will have a feeling of eager to capture knowledge and information. So how to read quickly? First of all, we should use the eyeball correctly, expand the visual range and control the line of sight. The total length of the line of sight is about 20 letters. At first glance, 4-5 words are within the line of sight. In reading, the first and last words of each line are included in the visual range, the linear range of the eyeball is controlled in the middle of each line, and the line of sight moves left and right and jumps. Secondly, we should get rid of the bad habit of reading word for word, such as reading in a low voice or pointing at reading with a finger, pen or ruler, and cultivate the ability to reflect text information instantly with the brain.

In addition, when reading fast, your eyesight and attention must be highly concentrated. Once you start reading, you should concentrate on the article, constantly seek new information, constantly analyze and sort out all kinds of new information, fully digest and understand it, and form a complete concept in your mind.

4. Detail problem analysis: article analysis and language application. On the basis of students' understanding of the whole article, students should have a deep understanding of the article before they can answer the detailed questions of the article, which is helpful for students to understand and master the main facts of the article. On this basis, teachers also need to analyze and explain the article, mainly including the translation of difficult sentences and long sentences, the author's emotions, attitudes, inner activities, the connotation and text structure of the article. To apply what you have learned and further promote the improvement of reading comprehension.

5. Offering extensive reading classes and extracurricular reading classes: Extensive reading teaching has higher requirements for teachers. Its task is to guide students to do a lot of reading activities aimed at understanding the content and obtaining information, cultivate students' interest and habit in reading English through extensive reading, train reading skills, and consolidate and expand students' vocabulary and language knowledge. Therefore, extensive reading content should choose materials with knowledge, interest and sense of humor. Extracurricular reading materials should be simple and short, and the rate of new words is not high, which is not difficult compared with textbooks. Only by making extracurricular reading materials interesting and informative can we attract students and cultivate their reading ability. The stronger the ability, the more you like reading, and a virtuous circle will be formed.

In short, reading ability can only be cultivated through a large number of reading practices, and the enhancement of reading ability is directly proportional to the amount of reading. The above aspects of cultivating and improving reading comprehension ability are unified and interrelated. To understand an article, we need to use several methods and skills comprehensively. Therefore, mastering certain reading skills and developing good reading habits are of great benefit to students.

Please adopt it.