Most famous scientists in the world are theists.
From 190 1 to 1996, * * a total of 639 Nobel Prize winners were awarded, except during World War I and World War II, when the awards were suspended due to war. Among them, physics prize 148, chemistry prize 123, physiology or medicine prize 159, literature prize 9 1, peace prize 8 1 and economics prize 37. Among the 639 winners, there are ***2 1 people who are not religious or indifferent to religious beliefs. They mainly come from the former Soviet Union and former socialist countries in Eastern Europe. And 6 18 people believe in various religions.
Among them, 596 people believe in Christianity (including Christianity, Protestantism and Orthodox Church), 8 people believe in Judaism, 8 people believe in Buddhism, 4 people believe in Islam and 2 people believe in Hinduism.
Among the Nobel Peace Prize winners in 8 1, religious identity is more prominent. For example, Tu Tu, the black archbishop of South Africa, Reverend Martin Luther King, a famous American black leader, Mother Teresa of India, albert schweitzer, a French theologian, Nathan, a Swedish theologian and so on. Some famous social activists, politicians and heads of state, such as Kissinger (Jew) in the United States, Mandela (Protestant) in South Africa, Rabin (Judaism) in Israel, Arafat (Islam) in Palestine and Walesa (Catholic) in Poland, all have religious beliefs. 1973, Li Deshou, the leader of southern Vietnam, won the Peace Prize (without religious belief), but he refused to accept it. (This information is taken from the People's Political Consultative Conference Daily on June 29, 2002. )
According to the world religious culture (No.1998,No. 1), there are about 4.809 billion religious believers in the world today (at that time, the world population was about 665438+500 million), accounting for 7.8 1% of the world population. Obviously, there are1300 million non-believers in the world, and1200 million are in China.
There is a book called "Scientists' Outlook on Life", which is about investigating the religious views of 432 scientists. Among them, 34 people are not sure about their religious attitude, 15 people hold an "omnipotence" or "agnosticism" attitude towards religion, 16 people call themselves atheists, and 367 people call themselves believers-firmly and definitely believe in the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. It is mentioned in this book that many famous and great scientists in the world believe in religion. Such as Galileo, Newton, Gauss, Watt, Ampere, Laferty, Edison, Pasteur, Einstein and so on.
96.7% of Nobel Prize winners believe in religion and 93.2% believe in Christ.
Every year in 65438+February 10, on the anniversary of Nobel's death, the Nobel Prize jury holds grand awarding ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway respectively. From 190 1 to 1996 (except during the two world wars), * * * awarded a total of 639 Nobel Prize winners.
Among the 639 winners, there are ***2 1 people who are not religious or indifferent to their religious beliefs. 3.3%, mainly from the former Soviet Union and former Eastern European countries. There are 6 18 people who believe in various religions, accounting for 96.7%. Among them, 596 people believe in Christianity (including Catholicism, Protestantism and Orthodox Church), accounting for 93.2%. Eight people believe in Judaism, eight in Buddhism, four in Islam and two in Hinduism.
Among the Nobel Peace Prize winners in 8 1, religious identity is more prominent. For example, Tu Tu, the black archbishop of South Africa, the Reverend Martin Luther King, the black leader of the United States, Mother Teresa of India, the French priest Albert Schweitzer, and the Swedish theologian Nathan. Some famous social activists, politicians and heads of state, such as Kissinger (Judaism) in the United States, Mandela (Protestantism) in South Africa, Rabin (Judaism) in Israel, Arafat (Islam) in Palestine and Walesa (Catholicism) in Poland, all have religious beliefs.
(Original excerpt from Religion in China (sponsored by the State Bureau of Religious Affairs), No.2, 2003, p.63) ...)
Many Christians (including three Catholics) are the founders of modern science, such as:
(1) Newton (1642-1727) Newton is an outstanding representative of this large number of Christian scientists. He/Kloc-entered Cambridge University at the age of 0/8, and even became a professor at Cambridge University at the age of 27, which is enough to prove how brilliant his achievements are. His research fields involve mathematics, physics and astronomy. He invented calculus in mathematics, published the foundation work of modern science, Mathematical Principles of Natural Science, and put forward three laws of motion of mechanics named after him. The story of his discovery of the law of gravity under the apple tree has been adopted by many teachers and parents all over the world for centuries as a classic material for popular science education for children.
Although Newton made unparalleled contributions to science, he was a devout Christian. Throughout his life, he believed that human rational ability was limited and could not accommodate all experiences; So his interest in studying the Bible is not under science. According to statistics, Newton's published scientific works only account for 16% of all his works, and the remaining 84% are unpublished theological works, with a total of more than 1.4 million words. He wrote: "I firmly believe that the Bible is the word of God, and the Bible was written by people inspired by God. Therefore, I study the Bible every day. " "According to my research results, the letters and evidence recorded in the Bible are far from being compared with secular history."
(2) Faraday (1791-1867) Faraday was a British physicist, chemist and Christian elder. He is famous for his discovery of electromagnetic induction and is known as the "father of electricity". The unit of capacitance is named "Farah" after him. He is also an inventor, who invented the generator, transformer and the most famous.
Faraday is a devout Christian. He is a pastor of a church in London and preaches many times a week. Up to now, there have been 150 sermons. His famous saying is: "We will say what the Bible says; We shouldn't say what the Bible doesn't say. " He believed in the unity and consistency of God's creation, which led him to introduce the concepts of electric field and magnetic field. In order to let the public know the creation of God's wisdom, he publicly demonstrated his discoveries in electricity. In his later years, he read the Bible more diligently. When a reporter asked him what his guess was after his death, he replied, "guess?" I never had any guesses. I believe all the evidence. I know who I trust and I am convinced that he can keep what I gave him until that day (2 Timothy 12). "
(3) Joule (1818-1889) Joule is a British physicist. His contribution to physics laid the foundation of the law of conservation and transformation of energy, and the unit of energy was named "Joule" after him. He put forward Joule's law, which was considered as the originator of thermodynamics in the new science at that time. He provided an experimental basis for the first law of thermodynamics (implying that the universe is not naturally derived).
Joule is a Christian. He believes that scientific research is consistent with biblical truth. He firmly believes that God is the creator of the universe. He listed his priorities: "admit faith, obey God's will, and then experience his wisdom, ability and kindness from the work of his hands."
(4) Maxwell (1831-1879) Maxwell was a British physicist, and his electromagnetic theory and related equations opened a new milestone for physics in the 20th century.
Friends and colleagues in the scientific community all admit that Maxwell is a devout Christian and a veteran of the church. He often studies the Bible, and his prayers are recorded in his notebook: "Almighty God, you made man in your own image and gave him the soul of life to seek you. You rule all living things, teach us to study your own work, let us reclaim land, make good use of resources and redouble our efforts to serve you; Let us accept your praiseworthy words and believe that you sent the Lord Jesus to bring us the knowledge of salvation and forgiveness. We pray in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. "
(5) Pascal (1623— 1662) Pascal was a French mathematician and physicist. He showed great talent since he was a child, and wrote the famous work of projection geometry "The Theory of Conic Curves" at the age of 16. He studied the coefficient law of binomial expansion in algebra and made great contributions to the study of probability theory and cycloid. In physics, he put forward Pascal's law that closed fluid can transmit pressure, and the unit of pressure was named "Pascal" after him.
Pascal is a rare Christian scientist who loves God instead of the world. Just as his scientific research achievements were climbing, at the age of 24, he gave up scientific research and devoted himself to God. His main works, thoughts and correspondence with other provinces are regarded as theological classics. Pascal's scientific method bears the deep imprint of Christian belief, and he criticizes rationalism. He believes that people must accept (or reject) God's revelation and cannot doubt it just because it is unreasonable. The idea that God's infinity is beyond reason and everything can be explained by scientific principles is an extremely arrogant assumption. Through the record of thoughts, we can see the heart of a Christian: "Without Jesus Christ, the world can't survive, because it is either the destruction of the world or the world will be like a hell."
(6) Galileo (1564- 1642) Galileo was an Italian physicist, and his name was closely related to the famous leaning tower of Pisa. His free-falling experiment on the leaning tower overturned Aristotle's argument that objects with different weights fall at different speeds. Galileo first tested the correctness of theoretical deduction through experiments and laid the foundation of modern scientific research methods; Therefore, he is called the father of modern science. In the field of astronomy, Galileo made astronomical observations with a self-made telescope, and wrote "Dialogue on Two World Systems", claiming that Copernicus's "Ground Motion Theory" was completely correct.
Galileo was a devout Catholic and monk. He believes that the Bible is inspired by God, science and the Bible cannot conflict with each other, and there is no contradiction between religious beliefs and scientific beliefs. 1633 In June, Pope urban VIII felt the growing influence of Protestantism and was determined to safeguard the interests of Catholicism and suppress Galileo's views in the dialogue. Galileo was questioned by the heretical court, but Galileo always thought he was right. He said, "Am I not a Christian? Can't I be the pride of the church? Don't I worship Almighty God and his only son Jesus? What should I confess? Do I have to hide the truth, blaspheme God, and disgrace the church? " As a Catholic, he also recognized the authority of religious meetings, sermons and doctrines; He announced in court: "I swear that I have believed in the help of God, the holy Catholicism and everything taught and taught by the Orthodox Church established by the apostles." Galileo insisted on the correct position of the relationship between faith and science, and believed that Copernicus' theory was in line with the Bible, while the Catholic Pope persecuted Galileo to safeguard the authority of the Vatican. This incident is a conflict between Protestantism and the old Catholic Church, and cannot be simply described as the persecution of science by religion. In fact, the Pope is not defending the Bible, but using the political power of Catholic organizations to suppress Protestants or scientists.
(7) Kelvin (1824— 1907) Kelvin is a British physicist and mathematician. He is famous for studying thermodynamics. He systematically expounded the first law and the second law of Joule thermodynamics in precise terms, both of which reflected that evolution was unscientific. Kelvin discovered the absolute temperature scale and took his name as the international unit of absolute temperature scale.
Kelvin is a devout Christian. He said, "Everything around us is evidence of the idea of wisdom and love ... the idea of atheism is ignorant and words are difficult to distinguish." He believes that there is no conflict between science and the Bible, they are harmonious.
Letter: "As far as the origin of life is concerned, science positively affirms the power of creation." Once, his students asked him what was the greatest discovery in his life. He didn't say it was the second law of thermodynamics, but said, "The most valuable discovery in my life is to know the Lord Jesus Christ."
(8) Planck (1858 ——1947) Planck is an outstanding German physicist and a Nobel Prize winner in physics. 1900, he put forward a "quantum hypothesis" that shocked the scientific community. Later, it was used by scientists to explain various physical phenomena and verify the correctness of quantum theory. Quantum theory has become one of the most important events in physics in the 20th century, and Planck has made great contributions to initiating a new era of revolutionary development of physics.
Planck believed in God, and from 1920 until his death, he served as a deacon of the Christian church. He believes that God is omnipresent and the laws of nature are dominated by God. He repeatedly stressed that science and belief are not antagonistic, but complementary. At the end of his masterpiece Religion and Natural Science, he called on scientists to "go to God"!
(9) Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes was a French mathematician, physicist and philosopher. He founded analytic geometry, and used coordinate system to describe the corresponding relationship between points and coordinate values in space. He believes: "Mathematical truth, like all other things created, is established by God and depends on God."
Descartes believed in the existence of God. In his major philosophical works, he wrote: "When I concentrate on God, I find that there is no reason for error or fallacy;" But a moment later, when I think about myself, experience tells me that I will still make countless mistakes. " He also said: "if there are some objects, or some brains, or other properties that are not perfect, then their existence must rely on the power of God;" Without God, they can't last a moment. "
(10) Leibniz (1646-1716) is an outstanding mathematician and philosopher in Germany. He and Newton invented calculus almost at the same time, and now the integral symbol used in higher mathematics was invented by Leibniz. In order to commemorate his and Newton's outstanding contributions to integral calculus, the international mathematical community called the "basic formula of integral calculus" Newton-Leibniz formula.
Leibniz thinks that God is the highest creator, and he gives the world certain laws, so social life also has its own laws, which are the laws of nature. Leibniz believes that; Mathematics is nothing more than God's masterpiece. He always associates his profound knowledge and his research work with God. For him, knowing God is the highest goal of his work. He said: "God is not only the source of existence, but also the source of essence, the source of reality and the source of reality in possibility. This is because the wisdom of God is the seat of eternal truth, or the seat of the idea on which eternal truth depends. Because if there is no God, then nothing is true in all kinds of possibilities, not only nothing is true, but nothing is possible. "
(1 1) Boyle (1627— 169 1) Boyle is a British chemist and physicist. He used experiments to illustrate the principle of air pressure rise and fall, and found that when the temperature of a certain mass of gas is constant, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume, which is the famous Boyle-Edm Edme Mariotte law in middle school physics textbooks. Boyle was also a pioneer of modern chemistry. He introduced the name of chemical analysis for the first time, defined elements as substances that cannot be decomposed, and began the research of analytical chemistry.
Boyle is a devout Christian. He has made great achievements in science and theology, and has unique views on the relationship between religion and science. In his view, science is an excellent school of religion, a task of religion, and a revelation of God's amazing actions in the universe. Science is an ally of religion, even guided by religion. Boyle believes that when God created the world, there was no entity except him, and nothing was created to make him undertake obligations or bind him. If God interrupts the maintenance of the universe, the universe will fall apart. The continuous participation of God's power is necessary, because law is not real power, but only the expression of regularity. This criticizes that God is only the initial motive force of the movement of the universe, and there is no need for God's wrong view from now on. In the book Master of Christianity, Boyle thinks that science and Christian belief do not conflict. Both science and belief admit that human wisdom is limited, and only with the help of God's mode of creation and enlightenment can people form a correct concept. Boyle is very good at Christian apologetics, and he also supports the publication of the Bible. He funded the first Indian Bible published in the United States.
(12) Dalton (1766— 1844) Dalton is an English chemist and physicist. His main contribution to science is the establishment of atomism, which makes chemistry a real science. He was awarded the Royal Medal for publishing a new system of chemical principles and was elected as a member of the Royal Society of London.
Dalton is an orthodox Newtonian scholar in faith and a devout Christian. 12 years old, holding some positions in missionary schools. He believes that God is in charge of the laws of nature, making the invisible elementary particles changeable or indestructible.
(13) pasteur (1822-1895) pasteur is a famous French chemist and microbiologist. He initiated two new disciplines, microbiology and bacteriology. He also invented vaccination and low-temperature disinfection, which saved many lives. He put forward the theory of the law of origin, explaining that life can only come from life and refuting the natural deduction in its heyday.
Pasteur was a devout and conservative Christian in his faith. He believes that there is no contradiction between science and Christian belief, and firmly believes that science brings people closer to God. He said, "The more you study nature, the more you can feel the wonder of the creator." He has strong faith in God and the gospel. He said, "If we admit the existence of God, this confidence is more amazing and incredible than all religious miracles. If we have this confidence and understanding, we can't help but kneel down and worship God. " He often works and prays in the laboratory. Pasteur believed that God, because of his infinite mercy, could not create a kind of punishment disaster and a kind of salvation for mankind at the same time. To this end, he tirelessly searched for specific drugs, discovered various antitoxins, found ways to prevent anthrax, chicken cholera and rabies in cattle and sheep, and greatly developed immunology.
(14) Mendel (1822-1884) Mendel is an Austrian geneticist and the founder of genetics. 1865, Mendel published an article entitled "plant hybridization experiment", put forward the concept of genetic unit (gene), and expounded its genetic law, which laid the foundation for the development of genetics.
Mendel was seriously ill three times when he was young. He felt that his future was bleak. He joined a Catholic monastery as a monk in 1843. After studying theology for four years, he became a priest in the church. Later, he was appointed dean of a Catholic monastery, specializing in theological education.
(15) Euler was born and educated in Switzerland. Euler is a mathematical genius. He is called one of the two greatest mathematicians in history (the other is Karl? Frederick? Gauss). As a math professor, he taught in St. Petersburg and Berlin and then returned to St. Petersburg. Euler is the mathematician with the second largest number of published papers in history, with 75 volumes of complete works.
856 papers (865 others) and 32 books (3 1 others) have been published. No one can match the output. Euler actually ruled mathematics from18th century to now; For the newly invented calculus at that time, he deduced many results. From 1735 to 177 1, Euler became blind (it is said that he observed the sun directly). Although Euler was completely blind in the last seven years of his life, he still created half of his works at an amazing speed.
Euler studied theology when he was young. He was devout all his life and believed in God, and did not allow any slanderous remarks to be published in front of him. There is a widely circulated legend that Euler challenged the visiting atheist Deni in the court of Catherine II. Diderot: "Sir, so God exists. This is the answer! " Deni, who didn't understand mathematics, didn't know what to do with it at all and had to surrender.
(16) Gauss is considered as the most important mathematician and has the reputation of "prince of mathematics". Gauss is the son of an ordinary couple. His mother is the daughter of a poor stonemason. Clever as she is, she has no education and is almost illiterate. Before becoming Gauss's father's second wife, she was a maid. His father used to be a gardener, a foreman, an assistant to a businessman and an appraiser of a small insurance company. It has become an anecdote that Gauss was able to correct his father's debt account when he was three years old. He once said that he learned to calculate on Macon's pile of things. Being able to perform complex calculations in his mind is a gift from God for his life.
Gauss is very religious and conservative.