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What are the commonly used mathematical concepts or principles?
Mathematics is a subject that studies the concepts of quantity, structure, change and space, and is widely used in natural science, social science and engineering technology. Here are some commonly used mathematical concepts or principles:

1. Number and operation: including natural number, integer, rational number, real number, complex number, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponent, logarithm and other operations.

2. Algebra: a system that studies symbols and rules, including algebraic expressions, equations, inequalities, functions, matrices, vectors, etc.

3. Geometry: A discipline that studies the properties of shape, size and position, including concepts such as point, line, surface, body, angle and distance, as well as Euclidean geometry and non-Euclidean geometry.

4. Probability statistics: the discipline that studies random phenomena and data collection, analysis and interpretation, including probability, expectation, variance, standard deviation and statistics.

5. Calculus: the study of rate of change and accumulation, including limit, derivative, integral, etc.

6. Discrete mathematics: the study of discrete structures and discrete objects, including graph theory, set theory, logic, etc.

7. Linear algebra: study vector space and linear mapping, including vectors, matrices, linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

8. Numerical analysis: a discipline that studies numerical calculation methods and algorithms, including numerical solutions, numerical integration, interpolation and approximation of differential equations.

9. Topology: Study the nature and structure of space, including connectivity, compactness and continuity.

10. functional analysis: study infinite dimensional spaces and linear operators, including inner product spaces and Hilbert spaces.