Romanesque art itself is an extremely complicated concept. For a long time in Europe, people called all the art before Gothic art "Romanesque", or anything related to Mediterranean art tradition before13rd century. According to this standard, the art of Charlemagne Empire and Otto Empire should be called "Romanesque". With the deepening of the study of medieval art, scholars have gradually realized the fuzziness of the concept of Romanesque, but at least for now, there are several things that can be affirmed about Romanesque: 10 century later, the economic level of western Europe has improved and the feudal system has been stable; As the pillar of social spirit, the church forces also developed in parallel with the aristocratic forces, especially the monastery system is more complete; Crusades and large-scale missionary activities expanded the power and influence of the church; The worship of the relics of saints has set off an upsurge of worship in various places. With the development of economy and religious fanaticism, new churches and monasteries emerge one after another. In order to pursue more spectacular effects, these buildings generally adopt a system similar to the combination of vaults and beams and columns in ancient Rome, and a large number of "commemorative" sculptures in Greek and Roman times are used to decorate churches, so the style of this era is called "Romanesque". The vague concept of "Romanesque" means that Romanesque art is inextricably linked with Caroline Renaissance and Otto Dynasty art. In addition, Romanesque art has many less obvious external influences: ancient Greek classical art, early Christianity and Islam. Byzantine and Celtic-Germanic traditions. All these styles were completely integrated at the end of 1 1.

Geographically speaking, Romanesque architecture is distributed in areas where Catholicism prevails: from northern Spain to the Rhine region, from Britain to northern Italy. At this time, the number of churches is not only more than before, but also larger and more gorgeous. There are many architectural decorations or sculptures on the outer walls. Romanesque churches evolved from Ricardo style in Brazil and began to use stone roofs instead of wood roofs. In order to support the weight of stone roofs, arch specimens are widely used in structures, and a method of building vaults with complex skeleton systems is created. At the same time, the T-shaped Brazilian Ricardo developed into a Latin cross to meet the needs of complex religious ceremonies to accommodate more believers. Under the feudal regime, Romanesque churches also had the characteristics of feudal castles, with thick stone walls, small windows and high ground. Before and after the church, towers like bunkers are often arranged. Later, the towers were gradually fixed on both sides of the west main entrance, becoming one of the symbols of Romanesque architecture.

The richest, most native and most innovative Romanesque architectural style is vividly displayed in France. Sainsere South Cathedral, located in the south of Toulouse province, is the first example for us to discuss Roman style. Like some pilgrimage churches at that time, it was built on the road leading to Santiago in northwest Spain. Viewed from the plane, Sainsere South is more complicated and unified than the Saint Michael Church of Otto Empire. Its plan is to emphasize the shape of the Latin cross with its center of gravity at the eastern end. This also shows that the function of the church is to accommodate many good men and women, not to practice for monks, which reflects the prosperity and development of religion from another side. The interior of the church is divided into many small square units by columns. The tower at the end of the veranda and many domes in the central nave further reflect its Romanesque style, but this is only the beginning of Romanesque style, and the formation of true Romanesque style is marked by the fall of Durham Church in England. Durham Abbey is located in the north of the border between Scotland and England. Built in 1093. Although its plane design is simple, the nave is three times as big as the South Church of Saint Selma, which means that its vault must be more load-bearing. The east vault of the church was completed in 1 107, and the west vault was completed in 1 130. They are erected on the three-story nave, which can accommodate more believers. The interior of the church is divided into many small rectangular units by columns, instead of square units as before. There are two X-shaped designs between each arch coupon on the nave, which is what we usually call rib arch. Obviously, it is a stable dome skeleton, so the ceiling between ribs and arches can be very thin, on the one hand, it can reduce the load-bearing of the ceiling, on the other hand, it can increase its firmness, and a transom can be added to the top side. This kind of arch aid first appeared in Durham church. The dome completed in the early stage is round, and the dome completed in the later stage is pointed. Obviously, this is the result of continuous improvement attempts by architects. As representatives of Roman architecture, there are the church of St. Gilead in Germany and the church of Pisa in Italy. It is worth noting that the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa, as the tower of the church, is completely separated from the main project of the church.

Another notable feature of Romanesque art revival is that the revival layer of stone carving is that there are almost no large sculptures except some small metal sculptures, and the reliefs are relatively shallow. The slightly larger carving of Jerome's cross is just a wood carving. The revival of Romanesque stone carvings first occurred in southwest France and northern Spain, that is, on the way to Santiago. The revival of stone carvings is closely related to pilgrimage, and most of them are distributed outside churches to attract and guide kind men and women. Like Romanesque architecture, the rapid development of stone carving in the period of1050-100 profoundly reflected people's enthusiasm for religion at that time. At that time, the stone carving was still preserved in South Church, San Xair, showing an evangelist. Compared with the early bas-reliefs, they are more stereoscopic. Its rough and heavy style is obviously to attract distant sight. Three-dimensional modeling and classical charm all reflect the influence of late Roman sculpture. Sculpture is widely used in Roman churches. There is usually a semi-circular concave space on the facade of a church, commonly known as the "arch corner plate", where the largest relief composition is often installed, based on the "last judgment". This relief on Auden Church in France is very representative. As a judge, Jesus occupies a prominent position in the center of composition. Around him is an oval figure symbolizing honor and glory. On the left is the scene where heaven accepts good people. On the right is the scene where angels measure the proportion of good and evil for sinners and send them to hell. The lower level is the scene of the resurrected people. The exaggerated deformation of characters, elongated proportions, tiny heads, unnatural movements and horrible facial expressions constitute the unique modeling of medieval art.

The representative works of arts and crafts include The Battle of Justin Norman Invaders Crossing the Channel (107-1080). This is linen wool embroidery made to commemorate Norman King William's occupation of England. The tapestry depicts William's conquest of England. The author combines narrative stories with decorative interests. The main part of the tapestry consists of two long borders, on which are pure decorative patterns, and below are the soldiers and horses who died in battle. Although it is a handicraft, it can still reflect the painting style consistent with the illustrations in the manuscript at that time. The outline is used to represent the movement, and the outline is filled with bright and flat colors, so that the feeling of three-dimensional space on the screen is simplified to the overlap of planes. This sense of abstraction, clarity and freshness is unique to Romanesque art. From this work, we can see how the traditional English painting style evolved into Romanesque Anglo-Norman style, which is also a rare secular theme work in this era.