No carry addition, carry addition, direct addition, five addition, ten addition and five addition.

One: one on one, five on four, one on nine into one;

Two: two up two down five into three, two into eighty-one;

Three: three against three, three against five against two, three against 71%;

Four: four up four down five to one, four to sixty-one;

Five: five to five, five to fifty-one;

Six: six to six, six to 41%, six to one to 51%;

Seven: seven to seven, seven to three, seven to two to five;

Eight: eight to eight, eight to two in one, eight to three to five in one;

Nine: nine on nine, nine into one, nine on four into five.

2, abacus formula table subtraction formula table

Subtraction, non-abdication subtraction, abdication subtraction, direct subtraction, breaking five subtraction, abdication subtraction, retreating ten and filling five subtraction.

One: one down, one up, four to five, once;

Two: two down two, two up three to five, two back one to eight;

Three: three times three, three times two to five, three times one to seven;

Four: four times, four times, one to five, four times, one to six;

Five: five under five, five back to five;

Six: six down six, six back one to four, six back one to five to one;

Seven: seven down seven, seven back to one to three, seven back to one to five to two;

Eight: eight down eight, eight back to one two, eight back to one five three;

Nine: nine down nine, nine back for one, nine back for five for four.

There are two kinds of abacus division: subtraction division and quotient division.

Division is calculated by formulas, including nine formulas, regression formula and quotient formula.

Alcoholic formula ***6 1 sentence:

Once (divided by 1): every one, every two, every three, every four, every five, every six, every seven, every eight and every nine;

Two returns (divided by two): every two enters one, every four enters two, every six enters three, and every eight enters four.

Twenty-one plus five;

Three returns (divided by three): three into one, six into two, nine into three, three into one.

Three, two, six or more;

Four returns (divided by four): every four enters one, every eight enters two, and four phases add up to five, four twelve is greater than two, and four thirty-seven is greater than two;

Five cycles (divided by five): every five cycles into one, 5 1 cycle is two, 52 cycles is four, 53 cycles is six, and 54 cycles is eight;

Six returns (divided by six): one every six, six three plus five, six one plus four, six two three greater than two, six four greater than four, six five eight greater than two;

Seven returns (divided by seven): every seven enters one, seven plus three, seven plus six, seven plus four, seven plus five, seven plus five, seven plus seven plus seven plus eight;

Eight returns (divided by eight): one every eight, eight four plus five, eight one plus two, eight two plus four, eight three plus six, eight five six to two, eight six seven to four, eight seven to six;

Nine returns (divided by nine): every nine returns to one, nine returns to one, ninety-two returns to two, ninety-three returns to three, ninety-four returns to four, ninety-five returns to five, ninety-six returns to six, ninety-seven returns to seven and ninety-eight returns to eight.

Extended data

Although abacus appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the process of abacus replacing calculation was relatively slow. The early abacus was very different from today, and the beads could be placed at will. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that the abacus with the structure of "frame, beam, file and bead" appeared recently, at this time, the abacus gradually replaced the abacus.

At this time, the Tang Dynasty was the peak of the development of ancient feudal society in China. Business travelers from all over the world gathered in the eastern and western cities of Chang 'an, and not only handicrafts and commerce, but also the financial industry began to flourish in Chang 'an. All these have greatly promoted the development of computing tools. During the Song Dynasty, China's commerce further prospered, and the opening of the Maritime Silk Road made China gain the reputation of "the country of porcelain".

According to calculation, the GDP of China in Song Dynasty was 80% of that of the whole world at that time. At this time, in the field of science and technology, China's four great inventions have all appeared. In the dazzling brilliance of the Tang and Song Dynasties, we can already see today's abacus with the same shape in the masterpiece Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival.

The gradual maturity and development of abacus and abacus came into being with the development of ancient economy and society in China. Witnessed the brilliant achievements of China's feudal era.

The Ming and Qing dynasties were a period of all-round development of abacus. The application of abacus runs through all levels of society, and some craftsmen can do abacus even if they can't read. The appearance of words such as "abacus" and "wishful thinking" also shows that abacus has been integrated into people's life and culture. From simple computing devices to irreplaceable daily necessities.

In history textbooks, it is well known that capitalism sprouted in the south of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it was also inseparable from the support of abacus. Cheng Dawei was the mathematician who promoted the development of abacus in Ming Dynasty, and he was also a businessman.

He compiled the applied mathematics book Arithmetic Unity, which further promoted the development of abacus calculation. Later, it spread to Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia, which played an important role in promoting the development of local mathematics.

After China entered the information age, abacus was impacted by computers and other electronic computing devices, and changed from a "skill" to a "memory". Accounting in many areas no longer uses abacus, and the teaching and inheritance of abacus in China has also fallen into a trough.

Until recent years, thanks to the development of the country and the emphasis on traditional culture, the education and promotion of folk abacus mental arithmetic have gradually developed, and the education departments in some areas have begun to pay more and more attention to abacus mental arithmetic education.

2011/in June, China abacus mental arithmetic association put forward the theme of "abacus mental arithmetic and lifelong learning", which pushed abacus mental arithmetic to the height of lifelong learning. The number of children learning abacus mental arithmetic has increased year by year, and abacus has gradually stepped out of the trough, returning to everyone's field of vision with its unique educational and intellectual functions.

At the end of 20 13, UNESCO passed a resolution in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, and abacus officially became the intangible cultural heritage of mankind. Let the world know the abacus again.