Electrochemical measurement method and development history of 1. 1

Basic principle of electrochemical measurement of 1.2

1.3 main steps of electrochemical measurement

Chapter II Mathematical Description of Electrochemical System

2. 1 Laplace transform

2. 1. 1 Definition

2. 1.2 Basic Properties and Theorems

2. 1.3 unit step function and its laplace transform

2.2 General mathematical expression of particle concentration distribution function of diffusion layer at electrode interface

2.2. 1 diffusion equation and its definite solution conditions

2.2.2 Concentration function of electroactive substance particles that did not exist in the solution before the experiment.

2.2.3 Concentration function of electroactive particles in solution before experiment.

2.2.4 Surface concentration function of particles in simple electrode reaction

2.3 Taylor series expansion

2.4 Error function

Chapter 3 Basic knowledge of electrochemical measurement experiment

3. 1 electrode potential measurement

3. 1. 1 electrode potential

3. 1.2 Measurement of electrode potential

3. 1.3 Instrument requirements for measuring and controlling electrode potential

3.2 Correct measurement of electrode potential under polarization conditions

3.2. 1 three-electrode system

3.2.2 Main error sources of electrode potential measurement and control during polarization.

3.3 Measurement and control of current

3.4 Reference electrode

3.4. 1 General requirements for reference electrodes

3.4.2 Common reference electrodes for aqueous solution systems

3.4.3 Double reference electrodes

Quasi-reference electrode

3.5 Yanqiao

3.5. 1 liquid junction potential

3.5.2 Salt Bridge Design

3.6 electrolytic cell

3.6. 1 material

design requirements

3.6.3 Several commonly used electrolyzers

3.7 Research electrode

3.7. 1 mercury electrode

Conventional solid electrode

3.7.3 Ultramicro electrode

Single crystal electrode

Chapter 4 Steady-state Measurement Methods

4. 1 steady state process

4. 1. 1 steady state

4. 1.2 characteristics of steady-state system

4.2 Various types of polarization and its influencing factors

4.2. 1 polarization type

4.2.2 Dynamic laws of various polarizations

4.2.3 Characteristics and influencing factors of various polarizations

4.3 Control current method and control potential method

4.3. 1 control current method

Controlled potential method

4.3.3 Selection of Control Current Method and Control Potential Method

4.4 Determination of steady-state polarization curve

4.4. 1 step method to determine the steady-state polarization curve.

4.4.2 Determination of steady-state polarization curve by slow scanning method

4.5 Method for determining kinetic parameters of electrode reaction according to steady-state polarization curve

4.5. 1 tafel linear extrapolation method to measure exchange current (or corrosion current)

4.5.2 Determination of polarization resistance and exchange current by linear polarization method

4.5.3 Determination of kinetic parameters by weak polarization band

4.6 Application of steady-state measurement method

4.7 Hydrodynamic Method-Forced Convection Technology

4.7. 1 Rotating disk electrode

4.7.2 Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE).

Chapter 5 Overview of Transient Measurement Methods

5. 1 transient process

5. 1. 1 transient

5. 1.2 characteristics of transient process

5.2 Equivalent circuit of transient process

5.2. 1 Load transfer process under the control of equivalent circuit of interface

5.2.2 Interface equivalent circuit when concentration polarization cannot be ignored

5.2.3 Equivalent circuit when solution resistance cannot be ignored

5.3 Simplification of Equivalent Circuit

5.3. 1 Electrode Equivalent Circuit for Load Transfer Process Control

5.3.2 Further simplification of electrode equivalent circuit under the control of load transfer process

5.4 Charge transfer resistance

5.5 Transient measurement method

5.5. 1 classification by transient method

5.5.2 Characteristics of Transient Method

Chapter VI Control Current Step Transient Measurement Method

6. 1 Overview of step transient process of control current

6. 1. 1 has the characteristic that current jump controls current transient process.

6. 1.2 Several commonly used step current waveforms

6.2 Small amplitude current step transient measurement method under the control of load transfer process

6.2. 1 single current step method

6.2.2 Current cut-off method

Square wave current method

6.2.4 Double pulse current method

6.2.5 Matters needing attention and application scope of measuring equivalent circuit component parameters by small amplitude control current step method

6.3 Control current step transient measurement method in the presence of concentration polarization

6.3. 1 current step polarization particle concentration distribution function

Transition time

6.3.3 Potential-time curve of reversible electrode system

6.3.4 Potential-time curve of completely irreversible electrode system

6.3.5 Potential-time curve of quasi-reversible electrode system

influencing factor

6.4 Study on Electrode Surface Coating by Controlled Current Step Method

6.4. 1 Measuring electrode surface coating

6.4.2 Judging the source of reactants

6.5 Application of Step Transient Method of Control Current

6.5. Constant current transient study on hydrogen precipitation mechanism on1platinum electrode

6.5.2 Measure the ohmic internal resistance of the battery by square wave current method.

6.6 Control current step transient experimental technology

6.6. 1 Classical Constant Current Circuit

Bridge compensation circuit

6.6.3 Experimental circuit composed of operational amplifier

Chapter VII Control Potential Step Transient Measurement Method

7. 1 Overview of transient process of control potential step

7. 1. 1 has the characteristic that potential jump controls the transient process of potential.

7. 1.2 Several commonly used step potential waveforms

7.2 transient measurement method of small amplitude potential step under the control of load transfer process

7.2. 1 potential step method

7.2.2 Square wave potential method

7.2.3 Matters needing attention and application scope of small amplitude control potential step method for measuring equivalent circuit component parameters

7.3 Potential Step Technology under Limited Diffusion Control

7.3. 1 plate electrode

Spherical electrode

7.3.3 Ultramicro electrode

7.4 Sampling Current Voltammetry for Reversible Electrode Reaction

7.4. 1 Voltammetry Based on Linear Diffusion on Plate Electrode

7.4.2 Steady-state Voltammetry on Ultramicro Electrode

7.5 Sampling current voltammetry for quasi-reversible and completely irreversible electrode reactions

7.5. 1 Voltammetry based on linear diffusion on plate electrode

7.5.2 Steady-state Voltammetry on Ultramicro Electrode

7.6 Timing Ampere (Current) Reverse Technology

7.7 Timing Coulomb Method

Chapter VIII Linear Potentiometric Sweep Voltammetry

8. 1 Overview of linear potential scanning process

8. 1. 1 Characteristics of response current during linear potential scanning

8. 1.2 Several Common Scanning Potential Waveforms

8.2 Load transfer process under the control of small amplitude triangular wave potential scanning method

8.2. 1 The electrode is in an ideal polarization state, and the solution resistance can be ignored.

8.2.2 The electrochemical reaction occurs on the electrode, and the solution resistance can be ignored.

8.2.3 Electrochemical reaction occurs on the electrode, and the solution resistance cannot be ignored.

8.2.4 Scope of application and matters needing attention

8.3 One-way linear potential sweep voltammetry in the presence of concentration polarization

8.3. 1 reversible system

8.3.2 Completely irreversible system

Quasi-reversible system

8.4 Cyclic Voltammetry

8.4. 1 reversible system

Quasi-reversible system

8.4.3 Completely irreversible system

8.5 Multi-component system and multi-step charge transfer system

8.6 Application of Linear Potential Sweep Voltammetry

8.6. Preliminary study on possible electrochemical reaction of1electrode system.

8.6.2 Judging the reversibility of the electrode process

8.6.3 Judging the reactant source of electrode reaction

8.6.4 Study the adsorption and desorption process of electroactive substances.

8.6.5 Characterization of Electrochemical Behavior of Single Crystal Electrode

Chapter 9 Pulse Voltammetry

9. Overview of1Pulse Voltammetry

9.2 Step Voltammetry

9.2. 1 Discontinuous Polarography

9.2.2 step voltammetry

9.3 Conventional Pulse Voltammetry (Polarography)

9.3. 1 conventional pulse polarography

9.3.2 Behavior on Non-polarographic Electrode

9.3.3 Reverse Pulse Voltammetry

9.4 Differential Pulse Voltammetry

9.5 Square Wave Voltammetry

9.6 Electroanalytical Application of Pulse Voltammetry

Chapter 10 AC impedance method

10. 1 Basic knowledge of AC impedance method

10. 1. 1 the meaning of AC impedance of electrochemical system

10. 1.2 Basic knowledge of sinusoidal alternating current

10. 1.3 electrochemical impedance spectrum types

10. 1.4 equivalent circuit of electrochemical system

Characteristics of 10. 1.5 electrochemical impedance method

Electrochemical impedance spectrum of a simple electrode system controlled by 10.2 charge transfer process

10.2. 1 Relationship between electrode impedance and equivalent circuit

10.2.2 spectral method

10.2.3 complex planning method

Electrochemical impedance spectrum of simple electrode system with concentration polarization 10.3

10.3. 1 concentration fluctuation function of particles near the electrode interface under the action of small amplitude sinusoidal alternating current

10.3.2 Faraday impedance of reversible electrode reaction

10.3.3 Faraday impedance of quasi-reversible and completely irreversible electrode reactions

10.3.4 Complex plane diagram when electrochemical polarization and concentration polarization coexist.

Faraday resistance of 10.4 electrode reaction surface process

Measurement technology of electrochemical impedance data of 10.5

10.5. 1 frequency domain measurement technology

10.5.2 time domain measurement technology based on fast Fourier transform

Data processing and analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of 10.6

Application of 10.7 electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

10.8 AC voltammetry

10.8. 1 AC polarography

10.8.2 alternating current voltammetry

Chapter 1 1 Basic principles of electrochemical measuring instruments

1 1. 1 operational amplifier

1 1.2 operational amplifier.

1 1.2. 1 current follower

1 1.2.2 inverse proportional amplifier

1 1.2.3 inverting adder

1 1.2.4 current integrator

1 1.2.5 voltage follower

1 1.3 potentiostat

1 1.3. 1 inverse addition potentiostat

1 1.3.2 Reversed-phase addition potentiostat with compensation function for ohmic voltage drop of solution.

1 1.4 Computerized electrochemical comprehensive test system

Chapter 12 electrochemical scanning probe microscope

12. 1 Overview of electrochemical scanning probe microscope

12.2 electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope

12.2. 1STM working principle

12.2.2 ecstm equipment

The application of 12.2.3 EC STM

12.3 electrochemical atomic force microscope

12.3. 1ECA frequency modulation principle and technology

The application of 12.3.2 ecafm

12.4 scanning electrochemical microscope

12.4. 1 SECM working principle

Preparation of 12.4.2 probe

12.4.3 probe quality

12.4.4 measurement mode

The application of 12.4.5 SECM

Chapter 13 Spectroelectrochemistry and other combinatorial characterization techniques

13. 1 Overview of spectroelectrochemical technology

13. 1. 1 Establishment and development of spectroelectrochemistry

13. 1.2 classification of spectroelectrochemical technology

13. 1.3 transparent electrode and spectral electrolytic cell

13.2 ultraviolet-visible spectrum electrochemical technology

13.2. 1 transmission method

13.2.2 reflection method

13.2.3 Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectra (Photocopy of Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectra)

13.2.4 second harmonic spectrum (second harmonic spectrum)

Advantages of 13.2.5 ultraviolet-visible spectrum electrochemical technology

13.3 infrared spectroelectrochemistry technology

Electrochemical modulation infrared reflectance spectroscopy (EMIRS)

13.3.2 differential normalized interface Fourier transform infrared spectrum

13.3.3 infrared reflection absorption spectrometry

13.4 Raman spectroscopic electrochemical technology

1 Raman scattering

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

13.4.3 * * * Resonance Raman Spectra (RRS)

13.5 electron and ion energy spectra

13.5.65438+X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

13.5.2 auger electron spectroscopy (AES)

13.5.3 low energy electron diffraction

13.5.4 high resolution electron energy loss spectrum (HREELS)

Mass spectrometry (MS)

13.6 electron spin * * * vibration

The basic principle of 1

13.6.2 electrolytic cell

13.6.3 application

13.7 electrochemical chronotropic crystal microbalance

The basic principle and instrument of 13.7. 1

13.7.2 application

13.8 electrochemical noise

Principle of electrochemical noise analysis of 13.8. 1

13.8.2 electrochemical noise measurement technology

13.8.3 application

Appendix 25℃ Standard electrode potential of common electrode reaction

refer to

Catalogue reference materials