1 astronomy
Imperial astronomy was highly developed under the demand of religion, production and maritime trade. Arabs have built world-class observatories in Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo and Có rdoba, and developed quite sophisticated astronomical observation instruments.
2. Geography
Ibn battuta's vast Arab Empire has also trained a number of geographers. Topography written by Tochizumi, Best Classification of Local Knowledge written by Ibn Hurdazbe, and Dictionary of Geographical Names written by Jacob are all classic documents for future generations to understand the geographical overview of Central Asia, West Asia and North Africa at that time.
3. Mathematics
Arabs have also made great achievements in mathematics, especially the transformation and popularization of Indian number system and zero symbol system, which not only facilitated the daily life of Arabs, but also triggered a revolution in the field of human computing. In addition, Rasheed, a Persian from Rasheed submodule, wrote the book Calculation of Integrals and Equations with Indian numerals (which we now call Arabic numerals), systematically expounded the earliest trigonometric function table, and developed algebraic theory into an independent discipline for the first time.
4. Medicine
According to Muhammad Rasis's book about smallpox and measles, the prophet said that there are two kinds of knowledge: dogmatism and medicine, which shows that Arabs attach importance to medicine. Islamic medicine is based on Greek medicine, but the geographical expansion of the empire has enabled Muslims to gain more knowledge about new diseases and new drugs.
5. Physics
Arab scholars have also made great contributions to physics. They made many sophisticated instruments to measure the density of matter and the gravity of the atmosphere.
Ibn Haisam (965-1038) is a great physicist and the father of Arabic optics. He studied the reflection and refraction of light and proved that light travels in a straight line in the same substance. His optical works laid the foundation of optics.