Hong Rong
Graduated from 1854. There are 98 graduates in the same session. I'm from China, and I graduated from a top American university. So Americans have the best feelings for giving. China students in the school are unique and easy to attract people's attention. Because he was appointed secretary of the fraternity library for two years, he knew many people. More than half of the students at the three levels before and after the same school were given. So I am familiar with the situation in the United States and have made friends in academic circles. I had a good reputation when I was at school. It doesn't matter if you think about it today. Floating clouds pass by, but they win a moment of vanity. During my study, I came into contact with corruption in China from time to time, especially in the last year. Every time I think about it, I feel unhappy. I wish I could be cured without such a good education. Gai has been educated, with high ideals and broad morality, so he feels extremely burdened. If you are in an age without knowledge, you will feel unable to turn around. I miss the people of China who have suffered untold sufferings and oppression. This kind of pain and oppression, in his uneducated person, has no feeling at all. I didn't know it was pain and oppression at first. Therefore, the more knowledge, the more pain and the less happiness. On the contrary, the less knowledge, the less pain and the more happiness. Happiness and knowledge are almost inversely proportional to each other! Although, holding this concept to discuss the joys and sorrows of life, what it sees is also very humble, but it is the ears that are timid. This man will not achieve great things, but he will become noble. Personally, I don't think we should be pessimistic. He crossed the ocean, received civilized education and worked hard, but fortunately, he gave up his ambition to study. Although Gu Yu didn't get everything he wanted, he could pretend to be an educated man with general education qualifications. Since you pretend to be an educated person, you should learn from Ji's life and be practical. This concept has always been in my heart. Before he graduated in the fourth school year, Gaidang had predicted what he would do in the future and made a general plan. I think that if you are educated by this civilization, you should let those who are given it later enjoy the same benefits and instill western learning in China, so that China will become more and more civilized and prosperous. For the later career, Gai took this as the standard and devoted himself to it. From 1854 to 1872, the first batch of overseas students were sent to China, and this volunteer also matured. Selected from the Introduction of Western Learning to the East
[Appreciation] 1872- 1875, 120 teenagers with pigtails and melon seeds hats came to the United States and staged an unforgettable legend of studying abroad. The original semester was fifteen years, and it was sent by the Prime Minister's yamen after returning to China. Because the conservative forces are really powerful, they are afraid that these students will no longer be the subjects of the Qing Dynasty after returning to China, so they are ordered to evacuate in advance at 188 1. It is such an unsatisfactory ending. Among these international students, there are also a number of outstanding figures: for example, Zhan Tianyou, the first famous railway engineer who was highly praised internationally; Tang Shaoyi, the first Prime Minister of the Republic of China and one of the founders of Fudan University; Liang Dunyan, a diplomat in the late Qing Dynasty and chief traffic officer in the early Republic of China; Guoan Tang, the first president of Tsinghua University; Tsai Shou Kee, President of Beiyang University; Yang Tsang Woo, the first mining and metallurgy engineer in China, and many other outstanding talents. This legend was planned by Hong Rong, the earliest student studying in China (Huang Sheng and Huang Kuan went together). His memoir "The Introduction of Western Learning to the East" faithfully reflects this legendary story. Hong Rong was the first university student to return to China after studying in the United States. His wish is: "Give meaning to the idea that people who have received education in this civilization should also enjoy the same benefits, and instill western learning in China to make China more and more civilized and prosperous." Boxing patriotism, in this program. How did Rong Hong receive western education, and how did he try to make "western learning spread to the east" so that Chinese people could also enjoy this educational right? Let's talk about his life. Hong Rong was born in Nanping Town, Zhuhai in the eighth year of Qing Daoguang (1828). When I was a child, my family was poor and he sold sugar. At the age of seven, he went to Xishu, Macau. Because schools in Ma Lixun don't charge tuition fees and are close to the coastal areas of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, it has become a local custom to learn English as a means of livelihood. Seven years later, Yung Hong moved to Hong Kong with his school. Mr. Brown, an American teacher, saw Rong Rong's intelligence and brought him to America. After several years of preparatory school study, Hong Rong was admitted to Yale University on 1850. The school has a generous scholarship, but the condition is to stay in the United States as a missionary after graduation, and Yung gave up. In his mind, there is a plan for the welfare of the motherland: "Although giving is poor, freedom is innate. If you study tomorrow, no matter what career, you will choose the one that is most beneficial to China. " Four years after graduation, an American priest said that Rong Rong had forgotten his mother tongue and was eligible for full naturalization. It's easy to find a decent job in America. However, with the heart of serving the motherland, Hong Rong returned to China. At that time, "I forgot it several times in my own language, at least I gradually revived it" (Chapter 6 of the Introduction of Western Learning to the East). After drinking "foreign ink", I gave up the skill of making a living. After returning to China, my eight-year life was very difficult. I have worked as a shop assistant, translator and tea merchant. However, Hong Rong valued national dignity and his own integrity more than money. When I was working in Shanghai Customs, I learned that China's translator could not be promoted to the post of State Administration of Taxation in any case, because he could not enjoy the same rights as the British, so he resigned. In order to keep Hong Rong, he was given a salary of 220 because of Xu Yue, but he still left the customs. Colleagues and friends, give up this generous salary of 220. I am infatuated with it. At this time, Rong Hong treated this matter with the mentality of "honesty and self-discipline, putting morality first and money second". Moreover, the ambitious plan in his mind has not yet been realized. "This is for the benefit of one person, and it is forbidden to seek the happiness of China!" Colleagues thought: "It's true that sparrows don't know swans!" (Chapter 7 of the Introduction of Western Learning to the East) His ambition of "swan" includes two aspects: first, he hopes that China people will have the opportunity to receive modern western education; The second is to spread western learning to China, so that China will become a civilized and prosperous country and will no longer be bullied by foreign powers. It took Hong Rong 18 years to graduate from Yale University, and his lofty ideal was realized. He said: "It dates back to the graduation of 1854, so that the first batch of international students were sent to China in 1872, so this volunteer is also mature." How did he realize this ambition of "a swan"? Introduced by Li, a famous mathematician in modern times, Rong Hong met Zeng Guofan and became a middleman under Zeng. Knowing that he had the idea of building a western-style factory, he waited for an opportunity to put forward the proposal of building a mother factory for manufacturing various machines, which was accepted and allowed him to buy equipment in the United States. This is the beginning of China's modern industry-the "Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau" in Shanghai Gaochang Hall. However, in Hong Rong's mind, this is just to gain Zeng Guofan's trust. His ambition is to make China people receive western education like him. Coincidentally, the Tianjin religious case happened in 187 1, and the Qing court sent Zeng Guofan to deal with it. However, at that time, there was a lack of talents who were familiar with western affairs and had the ability to communicate directly with foreigners, which made ministers have a headache. When Yung Wing suggested to Zeng Guofan to send young children to study in the United States, Zeng Guofan made a joint performance with Li Hongzhang and Ding Richang in July of 187 1, explaining the proposition and specific plan of sending international students. The purpose of the Qing court is: "It is planned to select smart young children and send them to colleges in western Thailand to study military and political affairs, ship administration, step calculation and manufacturing. It will take about ten years to complete his studies, so that China can learn all the skills that Westerners are good at, and then gradually improve himself. " (Story of Tongzhi Dynasty Preparing for Westernization, Volume 82) With the approval of the Qing court, 1872, the first batch of 30 young children went to study in the United States. It is planned to send one * * 120 students in four years, with a study period of fifteen years. However, due to the obstruction of conservative forces, 188 1 students quit and went back to Beijing for business, and the outcome was not satisfactory. The conservative forces are represented by Chen Lanbin and Wu Zideng. Chen Lanbin (1816-1894) was born in Huang Po village, Wuchuan, Guangdong. Xianfeng Jinshi was selected in Jishi Shu, imperial academy, and compiled by the National History Museum. 1872, Chen Lanbin led the first batch of 30 international students to the United States as a supervisor of international students. Chen Lanbin is the full-time supervisor and Rong Hong is the deputy supervisor. Children studying abroad are in the process of development, interested in new things and imitating them. They go to church to pray with Americans, wear western-style clothes and participate in American sports. Chen Lanbin is extremely disgusted with these behaviors of students. "There are often contradictions with students, and Yu Heng acts as a mediator." . Whenever Rong Hong defends students' behavior, Chen Lanbin "suspects that he is partial to students for shirts, not without resentment". Exploring the reasons for his conflict with Chen Lanbin, Rong Rong judged that it was caused by the cultural differences between China and the West: "As a man, Gaichen never left this country before coming to the United States. Therefore, it is still entirely the opinion of China people to speculate and evaluate things and take standards as the heart. That is, what he has seen and heard in his life, he has been under the pressure of autocracy for a long time and is used to obedience, so he has no free spirit and lively thoughts. " (Chapter 19 of the Introduction of Western Learning to the East) Rong Hong is keenly aware that the essential difference between autocracy and freedom is the difference between China culture and American culture. 1876, Chen Lanbin had another post, so he recommended Wu zideng to take over, and the Qing court appointed Wu zideng as the supervisor of students studying in the United States. Wu Zideng's thoughts are stubborn and bureaucratic habits are serious. He doesn't agree with the issue of sending overseas students. "Seeing overseas students in China" is a deviant move. "Since Wu is in power, he is critical of the established rules and demanding their shortcomings everywhere." "I'm not satisfied, but I don't know how to tell you, but the news is in Beijing every day, making all kinds of rumors." After taking office, he reprimanded the students studying in the United States and ordered the expulsion of two Christians, which caused many students studying in the United States to be dissatisfied. At the same time, it also aggravated the study of Chinese courses, especially the education of feudal morality and etiquette. Students studying in the United States just don't listen to Wu Zideng, but only listen to Hong Rong's orders. Wu Zideng, who became angry from embarrassment, frequently wrote to the Qing court and also wrote to Li Hongzhang, telling how students studying in the United States were "Americanized" and how Hong Rong indulged young children and was arrogant. Rong Hong, who knew nothing about China politics and devoted himself to serving the motherland, did not care about Wu Zideng's behavior and did not refute it. The Qing court believed Wu Zideng's story, and even enlightened officials like Ceng Jize (then ambassador to Britain and France, son of Zeng Guofan) thought it was difficult for students studying in the United States to become useful. 188 1 year, Wu zideng requested the Qing court to withdraw all students studying in the United States, which was quickly approved. When all the students studying in the United States heard the news that the court informed them to drop out of school and return to China that day, they were both angry and sad. For most people, they will graduate from college in a year or two. Among these four groups of students 120, only Zhan Tianyou and Ouyang Geng graduated from universities, and more than 60 people are studying in universities. Among these students, three died after arriving in the United States, several returned home first, only a few refused to return home, and the rest left the United States for home on September 6 188 1. Hong Rong later said, "Since 188 [! GA996]] to 1886, the most unfortunate period of the rest of my life. Lifelong volunteer, which has been destroyed (referring to education plan); People with the same life will die for no reason. " (Chapter 20 of the Introduction of Western Learning to the East) Hong Rong expressed great sympathy for Kang Youwei's political reform. Therefore, when Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao established the "Chinese Congress" in Shanghai, they both elected Rong Hong as the first president. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, he fled to Hong Kong, moved to the United States and died. Although the legend of "young children going abroad" died in the middle, it failed to achieve the goal of Yung Wing and the Westernization School to strive for self-improvement, but it undoubtedly played a pioneering role in studying in China in modern times and accelerated the pace of China people learning from the West in modern times.