Giotto (about1266-1337), the founder of the Florentine school of painting, was also one of the great pioneers of Italian art in the Renaissance. Giotto's art is the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. He not only showed superb painting skills, but also laid the realistic foundation of Renaissance art. Giotto Dibondone was born in a peasant family in Visbiano, a mountainous area in the north of Florence. In order to pass the time, young Giotto often draws his own goat on a stone. One day, Chimabue, a great Florentine painter, discovered his talent through the village road and persuaded his parents to accept him as an apprentice. Later, Giotto quickly surpassed the teacher in skills. Giotto lived in Rome in his youth, studied under the leader of Roman painting school, Peter Cavari, and produced a large number of mosaic works for St. Peter's colonnade hall; At the age of 36, he moved to Padua, where he created the famous mural "The Story of Jesus in the Arena Church". Almost all the pictures are permeated with a unified blue sky color, and there are a row of moral figures-kindness, wisdom, greed, betrayal, stubbornness, tyranny and so on. Are all created below. It is said that the poet Dante was expelled from Florence forever by the church at this time and went to Padua, where Giotto warmly received him.

Italian dignitaries tried their best to win the master of Florence to serve them, but Giotto never wandered around the country against his will. He left his own artistic seeds in various places and promoted the development of humanities and arts. Giotto spent his last 20 years in Florence. At the age of 67, Florence City Hall appointed "Master Giotto" to lead the construction of the cathedral's independent bell tower. Unfortunately, only one floor was built before his death, which was later completed by Francisco Talanti. Today, it is still the best ancient building in Florence, alongside Santa Maria Cathedral.

The innovative significance of Giotto's painting lies in inventing a set of painting experimental methods that directly observe nature and reproduce objective reality, thus creating the early scientific era of painting. The religious figures he created are as rich as statues, all secular men and women with flesh and blood and human feelings, and they are no longer ghosts of the Middle Ages. In the aspect of picture art processing, we strive to reproduce the effect of three-dimensional space on the plane. Space has a sense of space and depth, and the image in the painting has a sense of volume and quantity. In the arrangement of characters, he is good at highlighting the main image and has visual appeal. This artistic treatment became a model of European painting later. Giotto is recognized as the first person to free western art from the artistic process of the Middle Ages, thus becoming the originator of creating realistic painting style, and is known as the father of modern European painting. Ma Saqiao (140l ~ 1428) was also an early representative painter of Florence School. 140 1 year 65438+February 2 1 was born in valdano, Sangiovanni,1died in Rome in the autumn of 428. Ma Saqiao's original name is tommaso di Dzhivani Disimone Guidi, which is his nickname, meaning "fool". He was born in poverty, and the painter was unknown, but he was allowed to join the painter's association at the age of 2 1. 196 1 year, he found his own altar painting "Madonna and Saints" in St. Giovinale's Church, which is very helpful to understand his early creation. This painting shows the innocence of the Virgin Mary as a peasant woman and the baby Jesus sucking her fingers, which is completely different from the popular religious paintings at that time, indicating Ma Saqiao's emphasis on realism; The physical state of the people in the painting has an obvious sense of sculpture. Since then, he has maintained close friendship with Donatello and brunelleschi, who both contributed to the development of Renaissance art in the15th century.

Ma Saqiao's representative works include the frescoes of the Brancacci Chapel in Florence (1425 ~ 1428), the trinity altar painting of the church of San Mariano Villa (about 1427) and several altar paintings of the church of Pisa (1426), which are collected in London and Berlin respectively. The murals of Brancacci Church were originally painted by the painter Masolino, and Ma Saqiao later participated in the cooperation (they often cooperated). During this period, Masolino went to Hungary to paint, so some of the paintings were entirely painted by Ma Saqiao. Although these murals are still religious themes, they are expressed in a realistic way that conforms to scientific laws. The characters are firm, calm and unpretentious, full of humanistic spirit. For example, Tax Money shows the story of Roman tax collectors collecting taxes from Jesus. The center of this painting is the image of Christ and his disciples. The comprehensive perspective focuses on the head of Christ, and the light is in the same direction as the light entering the chapel window, which constitutes an unprecedented practical effect. Trinity altar painting is famous for its outstanding perspective performance of architectural background. Portrait is regarded as his most mature work, which not only shows Ma Saqiao's rough and simple style, but also pays attention to the stability of triangle composition. Through these works, Ma Saqiao showed the basic characteristics of Renaissance painting: the unity of realistic expression and humanistic spirit, which had a great influence on later generations. Although he died young and had no direct disciples, the whole Florentine painting school inherited his tradition in the 15th century, praising Brancacci Chapel as the school of all masters of art, and sandro botticelli (1445- 15 10) was the last painter of the Florentine painting school in the15th century. 1447, the painter was born in a cobbler's family. When he was a teenager, he was very naughty and didn't consider his studies. His father had to send him to a gold and silver workshop to study. Soon, he fell in love with painting, and Philip Libby accepted him as an apprentice. His talent for painting quickly caught the attention of the banker Cosimo Medici, and soon became medici family's favorite painter. In medici family, he made friends with celebrities in the literary and art circles and got in touch with all kinds of knowledge, thus broadening his horizons and laying a noble mark on his art, with exquisite craftsmanship, magnificent momentum and colorful colors.

From 65438 to 0477, Botticelli painted the famous "Spring" for Lorenzo's newly purchased villa with the theme of the poet Politi Ann's long poem praising Venus. 1485, he created another masterpiece, The Birth of Venus. Botticelli also accepted the order of the church to make murals for the church; He also produced a set of excellent pen-and-ink illustrations for The Divine Comedy. 1492, Lorenzo died, medici family was exiled, and the social and political situation was changeable. With the restoration of the nobility, the people were in dire straits. Botticelli's heart was shaken, and his outlook on life and art changed greatly. In the painting Defamation, he expressed his anger and protest. Botticelli became the greatest artist in Florence in that period with his poetic, curvy, unique and incredible genius works. However, due to profligacy, he was poor in his later years and lived on relief. In the last years of his life, he was cold and lonely. 15 10 In May, Botticelli died of poverty and loneliness and was buried in the cemetery of all the saints' churches in Florence. Leonardo da Vinci was a representative painter of Florence School in its heyday. He was born on April 1452 in the town of Finch between Florence and Pisa. His father Sergio Poero is a local notary, and his mother Katrina is a maid in a hotel in a village near Finch. Leonardo da Vinci was their illegitimate child. Shortly after giving birth to him, his mother remarried and his father remarried. Leonardo da Vinci grew up in his grandfather's manor. /kloc-before the age of 0/4, Leonardo da Vinci received the enlightenment education of an architect in his hometown, and at that time he showed his extraordinary wisdom; 1468, the whole family moved to Florence. His father followed his character and sent him to the workshop of the famous sculptor and painter Rocchio at that time. The latter is an artist who uses applied scientific methods such as mathematics, perspective and anatomy to explore and practice art. His influence on Da Vinci lies not only in strict painting realism, but also in cultivating his interest in scientific research. This is the key to make him a painting wizard and a variety of scientific and technological researchers in the heyday of the Renaissance. 1472, Leonardo da Vinci's name was included in the list of members of the Florentine Painters Association, when he was only 20 years old. Four years later, although he was famous all over the city, he still worked with his teacher and finished his first masterpiece "The Baptism of Christ" on 1998.

Da Vinci is in an era of great changes in human civilization, and it needs a group of wise people to constantly pursue the truth of the world in order to make the hypocritical "theology" bleak. It takes courage to betray the Bible and despise the authority of religion, and more importantly, it needs to explore new things and discover the truth of a large number of objective things to deny the value of theology. In his life, Leonardo spent a lot of time on scientific research. He has close contacts with scholars such as mathematics, medicine and astronomy. In painting, he tried to explore the mystery of plane modeling through scientific understanding of the objective world. He studied perspective and anatomy according to the real images of characters, devoted himself to pondering people's inner activities and describing various manifestations of people's inner activities on his face. To this end, he drew a lot of sketches and sketches. This is how he achieved his outstanding achievements in portrait painting. Mona Lisa is the most famous portrait masterpiece. Raffaello Santi (1483-1520)-one of the greatest Italian painters of the Renaissance; Raphael was deified with his superb artistic attainments, representing the highest peak that artists could reach in the cause of ideal beauty during the Renaissance.

Although Raphael's life is as short as Mozart's (there are many similarities in their lives), there are many legends and examples about him. On the one hand, these legends and examples affirm the undisputed talent of the painter, on the other hand, they may hinder the understanding of the painter. When it comes to Raphael, Raphael's artistic style is always inseparable from the adjectives "extraordinary" and "perfect", which started from vasari. This makes it impossible for the general public to deeply understand Raphael (one of the greatest painters in the world art history) and communicate with him, and it is also impossible to immediately distinguish Raphael's works from those crappy works that always want to publicize with words such as "genius" and "genius expression", so as to appreciate life in his works.

Raphael's works fully embody tranquility, harmony, coordination, symmetry and perfect and quiet order-in this sense, his works can indeed be called "the peak of humanism and Renaissance world". What people often forget or ignore is that Raphael reached the peak in the center of history, in a series of major events and some ideological trend that only lasted for a short time. The creator of this miracle is a young man, and this young man can't compete with the two greatest masters-Da Vinci and Michelangelo. These three people live in the same era. Raphael found the "third way", which is a synthesis and transcendence of all artistic achievements of his time. This is Raphael's glory and historical role through unremitting examination, experience and thinking with his art and thought, hard work and rationality. His success is attributed to his extraordinary talent: refining and digesting any kind of inspiration and enlightenment from the lofty revolutionary era of art (from the end of 15 to the beginning of 16). This shows his great wisdom and superb harmony creation. This ability is really unusual.