During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, heroes stood side by side, and the weights and measures varied from country to country. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he carried out the principle of "weighing a stone, measuring a ruler, the car is on a track, and the words are exactly the same", issued letters of unified measurement, and formulated a strict management system. The rulers of Shang Dynasty laid the foundation of the measurement system of feudal society in China for more than two thousand years.
Shang dynasty tooth ruler
The politics and economy of the Han dynasty were all like the Qin system, and the weights and measures also followed the Qin system. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin wrote the system of weights and measures in the Qin and Han Dynasties into words, which made it more standardized and organized. Later, it was included in Hanshu Law Calendar, which became the earliest monograph on weights and measures.
China ancient weights and measures and the development of mathematics, physics, astronomy, law, architecture, smelting and other science and technology play a mutually promoting role. In order to unify the weights and measures of Qin State, Shang Yang made a standard measuring tool in 344 BC, which was engraved with the inscription "Sixteen inches, five measures and one liter". Fang Sheng has been preserved to this day. During the Warring States period, a standard measuring instrument, the amount of plum, included liters, beans and? The capacity of three units. "Kao Gong Ji" recorded in detail the technical conditions of bronze smelting and casting when making this measuring tool, as well as the size, capacity and weight of each quantity involved.
The length of Qin and Han dynasties is about 23 cm. In the Southern Dynasties, the Grand Master ordered Qian Lezhi to cast Zhang Heng's armillary sphere according to the length of feet (now 24.5cm). After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, he ordered unified measurement. The northern ruler (30 cm long) was used as the daily ruler for officials and people, and the southern ruler was used to measure the sun shadow from winter solstice to summer solstice. The monks and their entourage in the Tang Dynasty measured the meridian, and the celestial ruler in the Song Dynasty and the celestial ruler marked by the Guo Shoujing Observatory in the Yuan Dynasty were all made in Sui and Tang Dynasties. 1975, the historian of astronomy found the scale of the celestial ruler at that time from the fragments of Tonggui made in the Ming Dynasty, and the scale length was 24.525 cm, which was consistent with the scale of Qian Le Hunqi. 1300 for more than 300 years, the ruler value of the celestial ruler has remained unchanged, ensuring the continuity and stability of astronomical measurement. If you use a ruler every day, the trend of the dynasty will become bigger.
In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, Chu made small weighing instruments-wooden scales and copper ring weights, which were used to weigh gold coins. A full set of ten ring rights * * *, that is, one baht, two baht, three baht, six baht, twelve baht, one or two, two or two, four or two, eight or two, and one catty. One baht weighs 0.69 grams, one or two Jin 15.5 grams, one kilogram 25 1.3 grams, and ten pieces add up to about 500 grams, which is two kilograms made in Chu. The museum of Chinese history has a bronze balance bar in the Warring States period, with an arch shoulder knob and a threading hole in the middle and a bisector running through the top and bottom, which is one foot long during the Warring States period. The form is different not only from the balance beam, but also from the balance beam. It may be a weighing instrument between a balance and a steelyard. The Warring States not only widely used weighing instruments, but also had a thorough understanding of the principle of leverage. Mo Jing Xia Jing has an incisive exposition. After Qin and Han Dynasties, steelyard became popular.
The Intrinsic Relationship of China's Ancient Weights and Measures System Long ago, China took length as the basic quantity, from which capacity and weight were derived. Therefore, how to determine a fixed-length unit has become a topic of discussion and debate throughout the ages. Hanshu: The degree "begins with the length of the yellow bell, and those planted in the millet are as wide as the millet. The length of the yellow bell is 90 points, and one is one point". In other words, the length of the yellow bell flute with fixed pitch is 9 inches, and the medium-sized millet is selected. 90 grains are horizontally arranged as the length of the yellow bell flute, and 100 grains are exactly one foot. The volume of the tube is a capacity unit, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12 baht, 24 baht, which makes the measurement and measurement based on the natural reference of physical quantities. This was very advanced at that time. "Hanshu Shihuozhi" records that "gold is a square inch and weighs a catty". There is a saying in the history of etiquette in the later Han Dynasty: "When the water rises, winter weighs thirteen liang." During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, it was stipulated that gold, silver and other metals should be used as the standard of length and weight. Later, it was found that the low purity of metal affected the accuracy of the standard, and one liter of pure water was used as the weight standard. This method of determining the unit of measurement by weight also occupies a certain position in the history of world measurement.
Shang yang Fang sheng
The implementation of the international metric system in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties adopted the system of building and leveling. Accepting western science and technology, Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty made a detailed textual research on the weights and measures in the King James Version of Essentials of Mathematics, and checked them with Wan Guoquan's original measuring tool, building ruler and Kuping. The building ruler is equivalent to 32 centimeters in metric system and 37.3 grams in Kuping.
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), the Qing court drew up a unified system of weights and measures and implemented its articles of association. The International Bureau was requested to manufacture the original platinum-iridium alloy and the auxiliary nickel-steel alloy, and the original platinum-iridium alloy was shipped back to China in the second year. 1928, the government of the Republic of China promulgated the Weights and Measures Law, which stipulated that the international metric system should be adopted as the standard system, and the auxiliary system "city system" should be temporarily set as the transition, that is, 1 meter is 3 square feet, 1 liter 1 kg is 2 kilograms. After the reform, the market system has adapted to people's habits, and the metric conversion is simple and gradually accepted by people. After 1949, the market system began to spread throughout the country. 1984, the State Council issued an order to adopt People's Republic of China (PRC) legal units of measurement (hereinafter referred to as legal units) on the basis of the international system of units and some non-international units. Since 199 1 year 1 month 1, legal units have become the only legal units of measurement in China. Expand other similar answers (1) and hide other similar answers (1). Zhang Nan 0922 2009-1-2120:10: 07124.72.40. * Report the history of units of measurement in China. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor "fixed the Five Zhangyuan" and "Shao Hao measured the same rhythm". The unit of measurement was originally related to the human body: "the hand knows the ruler, the finger points the inch" and "the hand is full and the second hand overflows". At this time, the unit still has disadvantages that vary from person to person. It is recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji that "being a man, ready to come out" shows that the unit was unified with celebrities as the standard at that time, and the earliest legal unit appeared. There are bone rulers and tooth rulers unearthed from Shang ruins, the length of which is about 16 cm, which is equivalent to the distance between the thumb and forefinger of a man of medium height. The decimal system is used to describe the scale, which, like bronze wares, reflects the production and technical level at that time.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, heroes stood side by side, and the weights and measures varied from country to country. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he implemented the principle of "one foot weighs one stone, cars are on the same track, and books are on the same character", issued letters of unified measurement, and formulated a strict management system. The rulers of Shang Dynasty laid the foundation of the measurement system of feudal society in China for more than two thousand years.
Shang dynasty tooth ruler
The politics and economy of the Han dynasty were all like the Qin system, and the weights and measures also followed the Qin system. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin wrote the system of weights and measures in the Qin and Han Dynasties into words, which made it more standardized and organized. Later, it was included in Hanshu Law Calendar, which became the earliest monograph on weights and measures.
China ancient weights and measures and the development of mathematics, physics, astronomy, law, architecture, smelting and other science and technology play a mutually promoting role. In order to unify the weights and measures of Qin State, Shang Yang made a standard measuring tool in 344 BC, which was engraved with the inscription "Sixteen inches, five measures and one liter". Fang Sheng has been preserved to this day. During the Warring States period, a standard measuring instrument, the amount of plum, included liters, beans and? The capacity of three units. "Kao Gong Ji" recorded in detail the technical conditions of bronze smelting and casting when making this measuring tool, as well as the size, capacity and weight of each quantity involved.
The length of Qin and Han dynasties is about 23 cm. In the Southern Dynasties, the Grand Master ordered Qian Lezhi to cast Zhang Heng's armillary sphere according to the length of feet (now 24.5cm). After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, he ordered unified measurement. The northern ruler (30 cm long) was used as the daily ruler for officials and people, and the southern ruler was used to measure the sun shadow from winter solstice to summer solstice. The monks and their entourage in the Tang Dynasty measured the meridian, and the celestial ruler in the Song Dynasty and the celestial ruler marked by the Guo Shoujing Observatory in the Yuan Dynasty were all made in Sui and Tang Dynasties. 1975, the historian of astronomy found the scale of the celestial ruler at that time from the fragments of Tonggui made in the Ming Dynasty, and the scale length was 24.525 cm, which was consistent with the scale of Qian Le Hunqi. 1300 for more than 300 years, the ruler value of the celestial ruler has remained unchanged, ensuring the continuity and stability of astronomical measurement. If you use a ruler every day, the trend of the dynasty will become bigger.
In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, Chu made small weighing instruments-wooden scales and copper ring weights, which were used to weigh gold coins. A full set of ten ring rights * * *, that is, one baht, two baht, three baht, six baht, twelve baht, one or two, two or two, four or two, eight or two, and one catty. One baht weighs 0.69 grams, one or two Jin 15.5 grams, one kilogram 25 1.3 grams, and ten pieces add up to about 500 grams, which is two kilograms made in Chu. The museum of Chinese history has a bronze balance bar in the Warring States period, with an arch shoulder knob and a threading hole in the middle and a bisector running through the top and bottom, which is one foot long during the Warring States period. The form is different not only from the balance beam, but also from the balance beam. It may be a weighing instrument between a balance and a steelyard. The Warring States not only widely used weighing instruments, but also had a thorough understanding of the principle of leverage. Mo Jing Xia Jing has an incisive exposition. After Qin and Han Dynasties, steelyard became popular.
The Intrinsic Relationship of China's Ancient Weights and Measures System Long ago, China took length as the basic quantity, from which capacity and weight were derived. Therefore, how to determine a fixed-length unit has become a topic of discussion and debate throughout the ages. Hanshu: The degree of "taking the length of the yellow bell, taking the millet in the millet, the width of the millet, and the length of the yellow bell is 90 minutes, one is one point". In other words, the length of the yellow bell flute with fixed pitch is 9 inches, and the medium-sized millet is selected. 90 grains are horizontally arranged as the length of the yellow bell flute, and 100 grains are exactly one foot. The volume of the tube is a capacity unit, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12 baht, 24 baht, which makes the measurement and measurement based on the natural reference of physical quantities. This was very advanced at that time. "Hanshu Shihuozhi" records that "gold is a square inch and weighs a catty". There is a saying in the history of etiquette in the later Han Dynasty: "When the water rises, winter weighs thirteen liang." During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, it was stipulated that gold, silver and other metals should be used as the standard of length and weight. Later, it was found that the low purity of metal affected the accuracy of the standard, and one liter of pure water was used as the weight standard. This method of determining the unit of measurement by weight also occupies a certain position in the history of world measurement.
Shang yang Fang sheng
The implementation of the international metric system in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties adopted the system of building and leveling. Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty accepted western science and technology, made a detailed textual research on the weights and measures in the King James Version of Essentials of Mathematics, and checked them with Wan Guoquan's original measuring tool, building ruler and Kuping. The building ruler is equivalent to 32 centimeters in metric system and 37.3 grams in Kuping.
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), the Qing court drew up a unified system of weights and measures and implemented its articles of association. The International Bureau was requested to manufacture the original platinum-iridium alloy and the auxiliary nickel-steel alloy, and the original platinum-iridium alloy was shipped back to China in the second year. 1928, the government of the Republic of China promulgated the Weights and Measures Law, which stipulated that the international metric system should be adopted as the standard system, and the auxiliary system "city system" should be temporarily set as the transition, that is, 1 meter is 3 square feet, 1 liter 1 kg is 2 kilograms. After the reform, the market system has adapted to people's habits, and the metric conversion is simple and gradually accepted by people. After 1949, the market system began to spread throughout the country. 1984, the State Council issued an order to adopt People's Republic of China (PRC) legal units of measurement (hereinafter referred to as legal units) on the basis of the international system of units and some non-international units. Since 199 1 year 1 month 1, legal units have become the only legal units of measurement in China.