Around 1200, European scholars formally adopted these symbols and systems. In the13rd century, at the initiative of Fibonacci, a mathematician in Pisa, Italy, ordinary Europeans also began to adopt Arabic numerals, which was quite common in the15th century. At that time, the shape of Arabic numerals was not exactly the same as that of modern Arabic numerals, but they were relatively close. Many mathematicians have spent a lot of effort to make them become the writing methods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 today.

Arabic digital history

Around 500 AD, with the rise and development of economy, culture and Buddhism, Punjab in the northwest of Indian subcontinent has been in a leading position in mathematics, which originated in India. Astronomer Ayepihite made a new breakthrough in simplifying numbers: he recorded numbers in a grid, if there were symbols in the first grid, such as the point representing 1.

Then the same point in the second cell means ten and the point in the third cell means one hundred. In this way, not only the digital symbols themselves, but also their position order is of great significance. Indian scholars also introduced the symbol zero. It can be said that these symbols and representations are the old ancestors of Arabic numerals today.