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Answer 23 (1) From the epistemological point of view, people can only gain direct experience through personal practice; From a dialectical point of view, empathy embodies the unity of opposites, grasping unity in opposition and grasping opposition in unity (3 points) (Note: candidates can score from any angle)
(2) Man is the unity of natural attributes and social attributes, and the essence of man lies in sociality. All human activities essentially reflect the relationship between people, so doctors should not only "see a doctor" but also "look at people" in the process of treating diseases (3 points).
(3) Contradictions are objective and universal, so we should face them squarely and not avoid them; Contradictions are special, so we should analyze them comprehensively and concretely. Solving different contradictions with different methods is the basic requirement of dialectics, and solving contradictions with correct methods (4 points)
This topic examines the contradictory struggle and the same principle as well as the essential attributes of human beings.
The way to solve the problem is expressed through a pair of contradictory, interdependent and inseparable opposites in real life. It can be inferred that this question examines the principle of struggle and identity of contradictions. The second question is very clear-the essential attribute of human beings can be reflected by connecting with textbook knowledge. "Doctors should not only treat people" and "more importantly, treat people" refer to people's natural attributes and social attributes respectively, and the latter part of the question emphasizes "people's sociality". Just use what you have learned to analyze and answer along the way. The third question can be said that it is relatively flexible to use relevant principles to analyze and answer practical questions. First organize the language according to the principle, then give examples, and then combine two ideas to answer.
The identity and struggle of related knowledge links are two basic attributes of contradiction, and they are two interrelated aspects of contradiction. Identity refers to the nature and trend of mutual connection and attraction between the two contradictory parties, which contains two meanings: first, the two contradictory parties are interdependent, that is, they are in a unity; Second, the two sides of the contradiction are interrelated, that is, the trend of mutual penetration and mutual transformation between the two sides of the contradiction, which contains the transformation to their own opposites and most profoundly reflects the internal unity between the opposites. Struggle refers to the nature and trend that the two contradictory sides are separated and mutually exclusive. Antagonistic contradiction has rich contents and various forms, and the same contradiction has different forms of struggle at different stages of development. We can't attribute the struggle to a form, and we can't mistake the change of the struggle form for the disappearance of the struggle.
On the one hand, the identity and struggle of contradictions are interrelated and mutually restricted. Without struggle, identity cannot exist. There is no identity without struggle, because the identity of contradiction is based on difference and opposition, and the identity containing difference and opposition is restricted by struggle. The existence of contradictory parties depends on struggle, and the transformation of contradictory parties depends on struggle. On the other hand, the struggle cannot exist without identity, and the struggle lies in identity.
In 2007, the national unified entrance examination for postgraduate students was a political theory examination.
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34 Answer Points (1) Ding Ling's "reasonable imagination" is wrong because she lacks direct experience in understanding the process; Second, the possession of materials is incomplete; Third, the main facts reflecting Cheng's character were not grasped. Fourthly, she inferred from the existing ideas, so her imagination lacks an objective realistic basis, which will inevitably lead to the disconnection between her imagination of Cheng and reality.
(2) To correctly understand things, people must do the following: First, through practice and investigation, master rich and true perceptual materials; Second, they must use scientific thinking methods to process and make perceptual materials, and we must grasp the main facts that show the essence of things from the outside to the inside; Third, things themselves are a constantly changing and developing process, and our understanding will deepen with the changes of things.
The topic of the examination center examines the principles of Marxist epistemology.
The basic idea of answering this question is: first, look at the problems behind the materials; Second, read the material with questions, don't pay too much attention to details when reading, just grasp the general idea; The third is to compare the two meanings of the material and the question after the question, contact the relevant principles of Marxist epistemology, combine the material, think while analyzing, and clarify the thinking of answering questions; The fourth is to organize questions and answer questions.
The practice of connecting related knowledge is the source of knowledge: ① The need of knowledge comes from practice, and people's cognitive activities meet the needs of practice. The reason why man becomes the subject of cognition is to solve and complete the problems and tasks raised by practice, and the fundamental reason is the need of man to transform the objective world activities; What exists objectively is also because of the needs of practice. As the objects of practice transformation, they become the tasks of cognitive science research one by one. The subject of scientific work is put forward by the needs of practice and is carried out around the needs of human practice. 2 Cognition is formed in the process of practice, which directly and realistically links subject and object. Only by practicing this intermediary can objective things be transformed into the cognitive object and content of the subject. Not only that, all kinds of thinking modes used by the subject in processing object information come from the practice as an objective material activity and are carried out according to certain laws. Over time, such regular activities will accumulate in people's minds and form various thinking modes. Such as logical format, etc. Knowledge comes from practice and does not deny indirect experience, that is, practical experience, but knowledge gained by personal participation in practice. Indirect experience refers to the experience gained by others through education. Direct experience and indirect experience are the relationship between sources. All true knowledge comes from direct experience, but no one can experience everything directly. The achievements of human civilization are inherited by indirect experience. They are interdependent and cannot be neglected. ④ Cognition comes from practice, and there is no denying the influence of human physiological differences on cognition.
2006 National Unified Entrance Examination for Postgraduates
On Politics and Governance Theory
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34 key points to answer
(1) This ingenious design reflects the internal relationship between man and nature in human practice, which is aimed at human beings themselves.
(2) Nature has its objective laws. Humans can understand and follow the laws of nature and make rational use of natural resources to achieve their goals. However, human beings cannot ignore the laws of nature and do whatever they want. Otherwise, it will eventually hurt human beings.
(3) Degree is the dialectical principle that things maintain their own quality, which requires people to master the principle of "moderation" in practice. Nature is the foundation of human survival and development, but natural resources are limited, and human beings can and should make full use of them, but they can't take too much. Only in this way can we maintain the harmony between man and nature and realize the sustainable development of economy and society and the all-round development of man.
The knowledge point examined in this question is the interactive relationship between human and social and natural.
How to solve the problem (1) What kind of basic relationship does the design of "three doors" reflect in human practice? "Who is polluting the environment?" On the surface, human beings have polluted the environment, but the environment has in turn retaliated against human beings. So, in fact, it is human beings who pollute themselves. Then, "Who is responsible for the deterioration of the environment?" It's people themselves! "Who is protecting the environment?" Only human beings themselves! All three questions emphasize the relationship between man and nature. The most interesting thing is that the ingenious design of "opening the door, each door is a mirror, reflecting the visitor himself" embodies the two-way interaction between the objectification of the subject and the objectification of the object in human practice. Human subject is not only the responsible person of environmental pollution, but also the victim of environmental pollution and the main executor of environmental protection.
(2) If human beings want to achieve sustainable development, they must correctly handle the relationship between man and nature, and cannot be blindly intoxicated with the temporary victory over nature. Human beings must realize that natural conditions are the basis and prerequisite for the existence and development of human society, and must protect the natural environment and rationally develop and utilize natural resources. At the same time, people can use their knowledge of natural truth to guide our practical activities, so as to realize the effective transformation of nature. Human beings must strive to achieve the coordinated development between human beings and themselves, and should not be overly intoxicated.
(3) Degree refers to the range or range of activities in which things remain unchanged in quality. Only within a certain range can things maintain their existence. If it exceeds a certain range, it will change in the opposite direction. Degree is the unity of quality and quantity of concrete things. In degree, quality and quantity are inseparable, which requires us to adhere to the principle of moderation in practice, so as to keep the change and development of things within an appropriate range of quantity. It is necessary to prevent "over-exploitation" and "under-exploitation" of human transformation of nature, and to adhere to the principle of moderation. On the one hand, the natural resources of the earth can meet the reasonable needs of human beings. As long as people adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development under the guidance of objective laws and rationally develop and utilize natural resources, they can effectively utilize natural resources and realize the sustainable development of mankind; On the other hand, the earth's natural resources can't satisfy human greed.
Related knowledge link
(1) Strive to promote the coordinated development between man and nature. In order to maintain the material living conditions on which human society depends, we must strive to achieve the coordinated development of human social and natural. The development of human society must take the social material living conditions as the premise, and correctly understand and handle the relationship between man, society and nature, which has become a prominent and acute problem facing the current social development. People pay more and more attention to the role of natural environment and population in social development. With the deterioration of global problems, especially the living environment of human beings, the coordinated development of social and natural has increasingly become the focus of attention all over the world.
(2) The core content of the thought of sustainable development is to realize the coordinated development of human social and natural, and the fundamental goal of social development is to meet human needs; Development should not only meet the needs of contemporary people, but also consider the needs of future generations; Today's human beings should not meet their own needs at the expense of the happiness of future generations. This principle has been recognized by the international community. The core idea of sustainable development is to protect resources and improve the environment while developing the economy, so that economic development can be sustained.
(3) China faces the problem of sustainable development. At present, sustainable development has become the overall strategy to guide economic and social development in many countries in the world. As a developing country, China is faced with the dual tasks of developing economy and improving environment. China has a large population, relatively scarce resources and serious ecological damage and environmental pollution. In the process of China's socialist modernization, we must adhere to the strategy of sustainable development, effectively protect resources and the environment, not only arrange the current development, but also consider future generations, choose the industrial structure and consumption mode that are conducive to saving resources and protecting the environment according to China's national conditions, rationally use resources, overcome waste and strengthen pollution control. At present, China has a large population and is growing rapidly, which is incompatible with the development of productive forces and the growth of the national economy, and is not conducive to the modernization of China and the improvement of people's living standards. Therefore, we must implement the family planning policy, control population growth, and correctly understand and handle the relationship between population and economic development, population and social progress, and population and social development.
2004 National Unified Entrance Examination for Postgraduates
On Politics and Governance Theory
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Key points of the answer (1) In the process of human cognition, there are irrational factors as well as rational factors. Irrational factors refer to people's emotions and wills, as well as irrational factors such as fantasy, imagination, intuition and inspiration in illogical forms, which can drive, induce and stimulate cognitive activities in artistic activities. Due to the role of irrational factors such as imagination in human cognitive activities, 2+.
(2) Marxist philosophy not only affirms the leading role of rational factors in cognitive activities, but also emphasizes that irrational factors should be restricted by sexual factors. At the same time, we also recognize the important role of irrational factors. Scientific innovation is the result of the comprehensive action of rational factors and irrational factors. Scientific innovation needs strict logical thinking ability and strict rational analysis and logical demonstration of practical problems; We must also have scientific self-confidence and scientific skepticism, indomitable willpower, and dare to imagine, to explore, break through stereotypes, and break through predecessors' achievements and thinking patterns.
(Note: If the examinee talks about the role of rational factors in cognition when answering the question 1, he can get 1 point; If the examinee points out that rationalism and irrationalism are one-sided when answering the second question, you can give 2 points; If the examinee talks about the significance and function of rationality and irrationality to scientific innovation according to his own understanding, the second question can be given 4 points)
The knowledge point examined in this test center is the role of rational factors and irrational factors in cognitive activities in Principles of Marxist Philosophy.
When answering material questions, be sure to focus on the material, but don't get lost in the material pile. You can read the materials before answering the questions, but it is more economical and effective to read the materials with questions, because the materials provide a lot of information and angles. Only by reading the questions can we know the main information we need to hunt when reading, and the questions after the questions can often prompt us to answer the questions.
For example, the first question "Since 2+5 = 7 is indisputable in the field of mathematics, why 2+5 = 10000 is also possible in the field of art", if the angle of answering the question is still difficult to grasp, the second question "What is the significance of correctly handling the relationship between rationality and irrationality to scientific innovation in cognitive activities" clearly puts forward the question. It also indirectly tells candidates all the information they need to grasp accurately when answering questions: (1) What is rational and what is irrational: rational factors refer to the rational intuition and rational thinking ability of cognitive subjects, and are the recognition of intellectual consciousness, including human rationality, thinking and logic; There are two kinds of irrational factors: the first is emotion and will, including desire, motivation, belief, habit and instinct; The second category is subjective psychological forms that cannot be included in logical thinking, such as fantasy, imagination, intuition and inspiration. (2) To master and answer the role of rational factors and irrational factors in the cognitive process: in cognitive activities, human rational, rational and logical factors play the main role and are the leading factors, but this does not mean denying the role of human irrational factors in the cognitive process. Or think that irrational factors only interfere with and destroy the formation of cognition. (3) What is the significance of correctly handling the relationship between rationality and irrationality for scientific innovation in cognitive activities? (4) Combining the dialectical relationship between rationality and irrationality with the corresponding examples in the materials, namely, "2+5 = 7 is irrefutable in the field of mathematics" and "2+5 = 10000 is also possible in the field of art". Besides the role of rational factors, there are also irrational factors. Irrational factors refer to irrational factors such as emotion, will, fantasy, imagination, intuition and inspiration that appear in illogical forms, and can drive, induce and stimulate cognitive activities. In artistic activities, it is possible that 2+5 = 10000 due to the role of irrational factors such as imagination in human cognitive activities.
Related knowledge link (1) The meaning of rational factors and irrational factors. Rational factors refer to the rational intuition and rational thinking ability of the cognitive subject, which is the intellectual consciousness relative to perceptual knowledge, including human rationality, thinking and logic. Rational cognition is the advanced stage of cognition, and it is an understanding of the essence, totality and internal relations of things produced by people's abstraction and generalization of perceptual knowledge materials. There are two kinds of irrational factors. The second category is the subjective psychological forms that cannot be incorporated into logical thinking in the process of human cognition, such as fantasy, imagination, intuition, inspiration and so on. The first category does not belong to people's cognitive ability, but as a spiritual force penetrates into the cognitive activities of the subject and has an impact on it; Although the second category belongs to human cognitive ability, compared with logical and conscious rational thinking, it is unconscious and illogical, so it also belongs to "irrational" factors in a broad sense. (2) The role of rational factors and irrational factors in the cognitive process. In cognitive activities, human rationality, rationality and logic play a major role and are the leading factors, but this does not mean denying the role of human irrational factors in the cognitive process, or
2003 National Unified Entrance Examination for Postgraduates
On Politics and Governance Theory
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Answer 34 points (1) To understand things, we should distinguish between coarse and fine, true and false, internal and external, so as to get rid of the coarse and get the essence, discard the false and keep the true, and grasp the essence of things from the outside to the inside; We should be good at distinguishing the priorities of things and grasping the main aspects of things.
(2) This is a "scripted" method, which takes the item as the dogma, is divorced from reality, starts from books and applies it mechanically.
(3) The way of thinking is the intermediary for people to know the world; Scientific thinking method is the internalization of objective laws in the human brain, an important tool for people to understand the world, especially rational thinking, and an important condition for successful practice. Methods have universal significance and are more important than cognitive results. Only by mastering the scientific thinking method can we enhance people's cognitive ability and do a good job.
The knowledge points examined in this test center are scientific thinking methods (such as the leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, the relationship between phenomenon and essence, dialectical thinking methods and so on). ) and its importance in cognitive activities.
The material of this topic is composed of two ancient fables of China, "Nine Faces Tall Horse" and "Looking for a Horse by Following a Map", which exactly reflect two diametrically opposite ways of thinking and behavior, and get two diametrically opposite results. The setting of the questions after the topic is also related to the material: "What is the wisdom of the method of nine faces tall horse?" "What is the main reason why the son of Bole failed in Xiangma?" The third question seems to be directed at the material, but in fact it puts forward a general question for candidates to answer: "Why is it more important to say that the thinking method (of nine sides and nine horses) is more important than finding (of a thousand horses)?"
The material is half written and half spoken, which is convenient for candidates to understand. If the examinee knows the source of these two fables and their implications (which can be extended to the relevant principles of philosophy), it can help the examinee to answer the question: "Nine sides of the horse" comes from Liu An's Huai Nan Zi? Tao Yaolian, "with the picture" comes from the famous Yang Shen's "Yilin Felling Mountain"; The former mainly shows that the knowledge background of the cognitive subject plays an important role in choosing the object, while the latter is characterized by being divorced from reality, mechanically copying and dogmatism in methodology, which refers to stupid behavior with opposite results. If you don't know its origin, read the materials carefully and stick to the main points, it is not difficult to draw the philosophical principles required by the topic, that is, the above conclusions, such as the first fable story, need to be closely related to Bole's evaluation of Jiufang cake: "Take its essence and forget its coarseness, forget its outside." "See what it sees but ignore what it sees." This is what Marxist philosophy often says: to understand things, we should distinguish between coarse and fine, true and false, internal and external, take coarse and fine, discard the false and retain the true, and grasp the essence of things from the outside to the inside; It is necessary to distinguish the primary and secondary things and grasp the main aspects of things; The information point of the second fable is: "The son of Bole read through the" Xiangma Jing "written by Bole ... he compared the figures given in the book with what he saw", which embodies his mechanical dogma, divorced from reality, starting from his notebook, and his mechanical way of thinking and behavior. As long as he has the above correct ideas, he will grasp the above points. The third question is, "Why do you say that Jiufang cake is like a horse?" It is not difficult to answer, because its important message is: "Look at each other, people are more expensive than horses", which means that if you have the method of observing problems like the height of nine squares, it will be more important than looking at horses, that is, only by mastering scientific thinking methods can you enhance people's cognitive ability and do all the work well, because thinking methods are the intermediary for people to know the world; Scientific thinking method is the internalization of objective laws in the human brain, an important tool for people to understand the world, especially rational thinking, and an important condition for successful practice. The method has universal significance and is more important than knowing the result. This is the natural answer.
Related knowledge links dialectical thinking method and modern scientific research: (1) Modern scientific research generally puts forward some hypotheses at the cognitive level under the requirements of practice, and then verifies these hypotheses through a series of practices or experiments. After a series of research, a theoretical system is formed to guide scientific practice. (2) Dialectical thinking method is the general guiding method of scientific research. Modern scientific research can be divided into natural science research and social science research, both of which are inseparable from the guidance of dialectical thinking methods. Dialectical thinking method runs through the whole process of the production, verification and formation of scientific hypothesis. (3) Dialectical thinking method and modern scientific research method are essentially the same. (1) Dialectical thinking method reveals the relationship between things from the perspective of universal connection and eternal development. On the premise of confirming the universal connection and eternal development of the world, modern scientific research methods deeply study some specific relations of the world. Dialectical thinking method is the methodological premise of modern scientific research methods, and philosophy participates in scientific research through ontology, epistemology and logic. Modern scientific research methods such as control method, information method, system method and structure-function method enrich and deepen dialectical thinking and its methods. Therefore, dialectical thinking method should absorb nutrition from modern scientific research methods and enrich its own method system. ③ In the relationship between dialectical thinking method and modern scientific research method, we should prevent two wrong tendencies: one is to deny and replace scientific research method with philosophical dialectical thinking method; The second is to deny and replace the metaphysical tendency of dialectical thinking method with modern scientific research methods.