1. Part of speech: There are ten parts of speech in English:

Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, articles, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

1. Noun: a name indicating a person, thing, place or abstract concept. Such as: boys, morning, schoolbags, balls, classes, oranges.

2. Pronouns: mainly used to replace nouns. Who, she, you, it.

3. Adjective: It indicates the essence or characteristics of people or things. Such as: good, right, white, orange.

4. Numbers: indicate the number or order of things. Such as: one, two, three, first, second, third and fourth.

5. Verb: indicates action or state. Such as am, is, are, have and see.

Adverb: Modifying verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, indicating time, place, degree, etc. Now, very, here, often, quietly and slowly.

7. Article (Article 1 1) ...): Used before nouns to help explain nouns. Such as: a, an, the.

Preposition: indicates the relationship between the following noun or pronoun and other sentence elements. For example, inside, above, from above and behind.

Conj。 Used to connect words, phrases or sentences. For example, and but before.

10, interj ... express emotions such as happiness, anger, sadness and joy. Oh, well, hi, hello.

2. Sentence components: English sentence components are divided into seven types: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial, predicative and object complement.

1. The subject is the person or thing the sentence refers to, and the answer is "who" or "what". Usually used as a noun or pronoun. I'm Miss Green.

2. Predicate verbs explain the action or state of the subject and answer "Do (what)". Mainly served by verbs. Jack cleans the room every day.

3. Predicate, after the verb, explains the identity or characteristics of the subject, and the answer is "what" or "how". Usually acted by nouns, pronouns or adjectives. My name is Pingping.

4. The object indicates the object or result of the transitive verb, and the answer is "What". Usually acted by nouns or pronouns. He can spell this word.

Some transitive verbs have two objects, one refers to the object and the other refers to the person. What refers to things is called direct things, and what refers to people is called indirect things. Indirect objects are usually placed before direct objects. He wrote me a letter.

Sometimes the preposition to or for can be added before the indirect object to form a phrase, and placed after the direct object to emphasize the indirect object. He wrote me a letter.

5. Attributes modify nouns or pronouns, usually adjectives, pronouns, numerals, etc. Shanghai is a big city.

6. Adverbials are used to modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs, usually served by adverbs. He works hard.

7. The object complement is used to explain how or what the object is doing, and is usually acted as an adjective or verb. They usually keep the classroom clean. /He often helps me with my homework/The teacher wants me to teach myself French.

☆ appositives usually follow nouns and pronouns to further explain their situation. Where is your classmate Tom?

3. Word formation: English word formation mainly includes synthesis, derivation and transformation.

1, synthesis method: such as spaceship, headache, basketball, playground, etc.

2. Derivation method:

(1) Derived nouns: ① verb +er/ or ② verb +ing ③ verb +(t)ion ④ adjective +ness ⑤ Others, such as inventor, learner, swimming, congratulations, kindness, carelessness and knowledge.

(2) Derived adjectives: ① Noun +Y2 Noun +ful ③ Verb +ing/ed 4 Friendly 5 Dangerous 6 Chinese; Japanese ⑧ English ⑨ French ⑨ German ⑩ Country name+(1) an Such as: snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, everyday (everyday), nervous and delicious.

(3) Derived adverbs: ① adjective +ly ② others, such as: slowly, angrily, full → fully, well → well, possibly → possibly, etc.

3. Conversion method:

(1) adjectives→ verbs, such as: dry → dry, clean → clean, and so on.

(2) Verbs → nouns, such as: watching, walking, resting, working, studying, swimming, going, talking, etc.

(3) Nouns → verbs, such as hand → (pass) and face → (face).

(4) Adjective → adverb, such as early → early, fast → fast, etc.

(5) Adverbs → conjunctions, such as when → (when), etc.

(6) Preposition → adverb, such as: in (to ……) → (inside; At home), on → (continue, continue) and so on.

Second, the noun:

1, English nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns:

Proper nouns are the special names of individual people, places, things, groups and institutions.

The first letter of proper nouns should be capitalized.

Such as: Beijing, Tom, People's Republic of China (PRC) (People's Republic of China)

If proper nouns are phrases containing common nouns, the definite article the must be used. For example, the Great Wall

If the surname is plural, it means the family of surname (plural meaning), such as the Greens.

2) Common nouns are the names of many people or things. Such as: pupils, families, men, feet.

Common nouns are divided into countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

▲ Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted with simple numerals, such as: box, child, orange; ;

▲ uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted with simple numerals. Such as water, news, oil, population and information.

2. English countable nouns are singular and plural: English countable nouns have singular and plural forms.

1) The basic methods for changing nouns from singular to plural are as follows:

① Add s after singular nouns. Such as: map → map, boy → boy, horse → horse, table → table.

② Add es before words ending in s, o, x, sh, ch and z, such as: class → classes, box→box, hero → heroes, dish→disks, watch → watches.

[Note]: For a few words ending in O, only S is added in the plural. Such as: photo → photo, piano → piano.

(3) for nouns ending in consonants and y, change y into I and add es. Such as: family → family, city → city, party → party.

4 nouns ending in f or fe, change f or fe into v and add es. Such as: shelf → shelf, wolf → wolf, life → life, knife → knife.

2) Irregular changes: male → male, female → female, sheep → sheep, tooth → tooth, fish → fish, son → son, cow → cow, goose → goose.

Uncountable nouns generally have no plural form, so when describing their quantity, we should use related quantitative nouns. Such as: one bag of rice → two bags of rice, one piece of paper → three pieces of paper, one bottle of milk → five bottles of milk.

3. Noun possessive case:

1) The possessive case of a noun indicates ownership, which is equivalent to a possessive pronoun and is used as an attribute, object or subject in a sentence. Its composition method is as follows:

(1) A noun indicating a person or other creature, often with an s at the end. Such as: Children's Day, sister's book.

(Sister's book)

(2) plural nouns ending in s or es. Only add at the end of the word. Teacher's Day (Teacher's Day)

(3) Some nouns representing time, distance and lifeless world, country, town, etc. Can also be added at the end of the word, such as:

Today's newspaper, take a ten-minute break,

Population of China (population of China).

(4) Prepositions of phrases can generally be used to express all relationships, regardless of nouns indicating living or inanimate things. For example:

The party's good daughter (the party's good daughter)

(5) The juxtaposition of two nouns, each with an S, means "separate"; Only one' s' means' * * * yes'. For example:

John and Mary's room (two rooms)

(6) For compound nouns or phrases, s is added at the end of the last word. Be absent for a month or two

2.[ Note]:

(1) can also mean someone's home or shop, such as my aunt's home and the doctor's home.

When two people have something to do, they can use the forms of A and B, such as Lucy and Lily's bedroom.

(3) "of+possessive noun/possessive noun pronoun" is called dual possessive, such as a friend of my father and a friend of mine.

4. Consistency of singular and plural numbers when nouns or pronouns are used as subjects and predicates:

1, the singular and plural of the predicate are basically the same, that is, when the subject is a countable noun or an uncountable noun, the predicate verb is singular, for example, the computer is a great invention. The water in the cup is very cold.

2. Be a collective noun (home, class, team, group, platoon, police, school, etc. ) as the subject of a sentence,

(1) If the whole concept is expressed, the predicate is singular, for example, Class Three is a good class.

(2) If all members are represented, the predicate is plural, for example, Class Three has a map of China. (3

Ben has a map of China)

3. China people, Japanese people, fish, sheep, people, etc. Once singular, many times plural. There is a sheep/some sheep in the yard.

4. Mathematics, news, etc. Although it ends in s, it is not plural, so the predicate is still singular: this news is very exciting. (The news is exciting)

5, glasses, shoes, socks, pants, gloves and other nouns are often plural, so the predicate is plural. For example:

This pair of trousers is very cheap. I want to buy it.

6. When lot of is followed by plural nouns, the predicate is plural, and when it is followed by uncountable nouns, the predicate is singular. Many students are playing baseball now. That job took a lot of time. That job took a lot of time.

7. When 7.and connects two nouns as subjects, the predicate is plural in principle, but when the two nouns form a whole, the predicate is singular. The teacher and his son are picking apples. /Fish and chips are very famous foods. Fish and chips are a famous food. )

8. The singular and plural of be in 8.there be sentence patterns are generally determined by closely related nouns. There is a table and four chairs in the room.

9. When you use … and … to connect two things as subjects, the predicate is usually plural. You and I are both required to be here tomorrow.

10. When the subject contains a phrase with, the singular and plural predicates are decided by the person before with. A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing on the roadside.

When 1 1, either … or … neither … connects two characters as the subject of the sentence, the predicate adopts the principle of proximity. Either you are right or he is right. Either you are right or he is right. Neither you nor I will go there.

12. When a plural noun representing the concept of a period of time or length is used as the subject, the predicate is generally singular. For example, two months, a long time. Two months is a long distance. (Two Qian Qian meters is quite a long distance. )

13. When the subject contains words such as …/(three quarters) of…/all(of…), the singular and plural of the predicate are determined by nouns. For example, more than three-quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. One third of the students are playing by the lake. At that time, one third of the students were playing by the lake. All the rivers were polluted. (passive sentence)

However, the word population has a special case: What is the population of China? What's the population of China? Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs. Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs.

5. Discrimination of the usage of some nouns:

1, the difference between sports, games, competitions and events: sports usually refers to "outdoor sports", which is mainly based on exercise and has a big concept; The game means "sports, competition", whether indoors or outdoors or mentally, it refers to winning or losing-centered sports; Match means "competition, competition" and refers to the official competition; Race mainly stands for "running, horse racing and racing". People all over the world like sports. The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. Our school football team will not take part in the league. Our school's football team won the league championship./They were very strong and won the rowing competition. They were great. They won the boat race. )

2. The difference between festivals, holidays and vacations: a festival refers to a festive day or a period of entertainment; Holidays (holidays, rest days) refer to legal holidays or customs, and the plural can refer to longer holidays; Vacation "Vacation" refers to a long break from study or work. For example, the Shanghai TV Festival will be held next month/Sunday is a holiday and most people don't work. (Sunday is a holiday, most people don't work)/What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holiday? What are you going to do during the summer vacation? )

3. The difference between journey, sightseeing, travel and travel: journey refers to a long journey on land (or sea or air), and not knowing the destination means hard work; Tour refers to a short tour on the way, which emphasizes visiting many places and is often used to refer to sightseeing. Trip usually refers to a short trip back and forth at a fixed time, such as business trip, vacation, etc. Travel refers to a long-term or long-distance sightseeing trip, especially to a foreign country, with no clear destination. It is also used as an uncountable noun to refer to the act of traveling. He made up his mind to travel to Dunhuang. /He went hiking. He went to Shanghai last year. (He went to Shanghai several times last year)/Did you go to San Diego during your trip? Did you go to San Diego during your trip? It's dangerous to cross the dense forest. It is dangerous to walk in the dense forest. )

4. The difference between sound, noise and sound: sound refers to all kinds of sounds; Noise mainly refers to "noise"; Phonetics refers to people's "voice". The noise in the street kept me awake all night. /Suddenly there was gunfire and a cry. (Suddenly there were several shots and a scream)/The singer lost her loud voice because of a bad cold.

5, the problem of fish: refers to a variety of fish regardless of species, with fish, the singular and plural are the same; Fish refers to many kinds of fish; Fish is an uncountable noun when referring to fish. There are many kinds of fish in the pool/I prefer fish to meat. I prefer fish to meat.

Third, pronouns:

1. Classification of pronouns: English pronouns are divided into personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, connecting pronouns and indefinite pronouns.

2. Personal pronouns: Personal pronouns replace the names of people and things and are divided into nominative and accusative forms.

first person

Singular second person

Singular third person singular first person plural second person plural third person plural

Positive and negative neutrality

owner

Ge Yishi

You (you) him

(he) she

(she) it

(it) us

You (us)

(You) They (They, They, They)

visitor

Ge me

You (you) him

(he) she

(she) it

(she) us

You (us)

(You) They (They, They, They)

1. The nominative case is used as the subject and predicative of a sentence. I often go shopping on Sundays. /Are they Brazilian? Are they Brazilian? )/Where did they go? (Where did they go? )/That's it. (That's all)/It's him! (That's him! )

The objective case is used as the object of a transitive verb or preposition. Who will teach you English this year? Who will teach you English this year? )/help me! (Help me! We often write to her.

3. Personal pronouns can be used in nominative or accusative form after being used as predicative or adverbial clause conjunctions than or as, and the accusative case is often used in spoken English. Who is it? (Who is it? It's me/me It's me/me. )

4. Three different people appear at the same time, or the subject contains "I", in the order of "you → him → me". For example:

He and I both work in that computer company. -Who will go there? Who's going there? You and me. (You and me)

Personal pronouns can not only refer to people and things, but also mean "time, weather, temperature, distance, situation" and so on. In addition, it can also be used as a "impersonal pronoun" instead of an infinitive, gerund or nominal clause of the subject or object. What's the weather like today? What is the weather like today? Nothing. (Sunny)/-What time is it? What time is it now? )-It's 12: 00. (12 points)/A long way to go. It's a long way/It took him three days to clean his house. Obviously, the public wants to know when these people can go into space. /We find it very different to learn a foreign language well. We find it difficult to learn a foreign language well. )

3. Owner pronouns: pronouns that explain the relationship between things, which are divided into adjectives and nouns.

first person

Singular second person

Singular third person singular first person plural second person plural third person plural

Positive and negative neutrality

describe

Part of speech mine

Yours (mine)

His (yours)

Her (his).

It (she)

our/ours

Yours (ours)

Their (yours) (theirs, theirs, theirs)

noun

Sex mine

Yours (mine)

His (yours)

Her (his)

It (she)

Our (her)

Yours (ours)

(Yours) Their (theirs, theirs, theirs)

1. Adjective possessive pronouns can only be used as modifiers of nouns, followed by nouns. For example:

Is that your umbrella? Is that your umbrella? I often go to see my aunt on Sundays. I often visit my aunt on Sundays. They are their books.

2. Nominal possessive pronouns are equivalent to nouns, which not only replace things but also indicate their affiliation. They often act as subjects, objects or predications independently in sentences and never follow nouns. For example:

This is your cup, but where is mine? This is your cup, but where is mine? Your classroom is very big, but ours is quite small.

3. "of+nominal possessive pronoun" is called dual possessive, and it is placed after the noun when it is used as an attribute. For example:

A friend of mine came to see me yesterday. A friend of mine came to see me yesterday. )

My friend came to see me yesterday. My friend came to see me yesterday. )

4. Reflexive pronouns: indicate that the action of the predicate is related to the subject or the action of the object complement is related to the object.

first person

Singular second person

Singular third person singular first person plural second person plural third person plural

Positive and negative neutrality

myself

(myself) myself

Himself (yourself)

herself

itself

ourselves

yourselves

Himself (them/them/themselves)

1. Reflexive pronouns are used as objects in sentences, indicating reflection (referring to an action returning to the actor himself). For example:

Don't play with the knife, you will hurt yourself.

2. Use appositive words in sentences to emphasize (that is, emphasize the tone of nouns or pronouns). For example:

The story itself is good. He just didn't speak well. The story itself is good, but he didn't tell it well. )

6. Demonstrative pronouns: indicating that people or things are near or far, above or below, before or now.

Singular and plural meanings

This (this) this (these) refers to people and things that are relatively close.

That (that) that (those) refers to people and things far away.

Such (such a person/thing) refers to the people and things mentioned above.

Same refers to the same person and thing mentioned above.

It (this person/thing) refers to when it is unclear who and what.

Demonstrative pronouns can be used as the subject, object or predicative of a sentence alone, and can also be used as attributes to modify nouns. For example:

What is this? What is this? That model plane is made of plastic. That model plane is made of plastic. Remember never to do such a thing. Remember never to do such a thing/Do as the teacher tells you. (Do as the teacher says)/-Who is it? (Who is it? )-It's me! (It's me! )