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Benjamin Franklin

American physicist, inventor, politician and social activist. 1706 65438+ 10/7 was born in Boston 1790 and died in Philadelphia17 in April. Both parents are British immigrants who make candles and soap for a living. He became an apprentice in a printing factory at the age of 12, and he hasn't left his printing job for a long time since then. Franklin organized a society in 1727, which was the predecessor of the American philosophical society founded by 1743. 173 1 He founded the first public library in North America in Philadelphia. From 1737 to 1753, he was the postmaster in Philadelphia. He began to study electricity at about 1744. Philadelphia College (later University of Pennsylvania) was founded in 175 1. 1753 won the copley medal. In the same year, he also received honorary degrees from Harvard University and Yale University.

1756 was elected as a member of the Royal Society, and 1769 was elected as the president of the American Philosophical Society. 1772 was also elected as a foreign academician of the French Academy of Sciences.

He is one of the founders of the United States of America. He took an active part in the anti-British struggle in the American War of Independence. He was elected as the representative of the Second Continental Congress and participated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. 1776 ~ 1785 went to France, which contributed to the establishment of the American-French alliance. 1787 was elected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and participated in drafting the US Constitution. He actively advocated the abolition of slavery.

Franklin was the first American scientist to enjoy an international reputation in the field of pure science, and also a pioneer in American electrical research. His study of electricity unified the chaotic knowledge of electricity at that time. His main contribution is to systematically explain the theories of various electrical phenomena, such as charge generation, charge transfer and electrostatic induction. At first, he was keen on inventing and designing small devices, which laid a solid foundation for his future electrical experimental research. From 65438 to 0745, in less than 10 years, he conducted various bold new electrical experiments with some simple tools and instruments. Through experiments, Franklin first put forward an important hypothesis in the history of electricity: the single fluid theory of electricity. Franklin first used the mathematical concepts of positive and negative charges to express the properties of the two charges; At the same time, the phenomenon of tip discharge was also found. More importantly, Franklin put forward the theory of electromigration. Later, this theory developed into the law of charge conservation, which is one of the most basic laws in nature. 1747, Franklin studied the Leyden bottle and expounded the principle of capacitor. During the period of 1749 ~ 175 1, Franklin carefully observed and studied the formation of lightning and clouds, and put forward the conjecture that lightning in clouds has the same electrical properties as Franklin's kite experiment friction. 1750 puts forward some suggestions for lightning rod. This suggestion was first applied in 1852 University of Mali, France. 1752, he conducted an electric kite experiment in Philadelphia that shocked the world and proved his idea of "the identity of lightning and static electricity". Franklin also studied the mutual attraction and repulsion between charged bodies; Charge distribution in irregular charged conductor: induced electrification phenomenon, etc. Franklin coined many electrical terms. Franklin studied and observed natural phenomena quite extensively. He also expounded the theory of heat conduction; The method of obtaining low temperature by evaporation was studied. Modern ventilation methods; Transplanting of various plants; Prevention and treatment of infectious diseases; Measurement of velocity and temperature in the Gulf of Mexico and the direction of storm movement in North America. Franklin's famous inventions include rocking chairs, bifocal glasses, Pennsylvania stoves, elevated bookshelves and so on.

Franklin supported deism in philosophy and acknowledged the existence and objectivity of nature. He was also the first person who consciously used labor time to determine the value of production. Franklin predicted that the population of the United States would increase geometrically, with an average growth rate of 1 times every 25 years. This prediction has been confirmed by the American census in the last century. Franklin's electrical works and papers include: experiments and observations on electricity, opinions and speculations on the properties and effects of conductive substances, experiments and observations on electricity in Philadelphia, USA, and the identity of lightning and static electricity.