Modern novelist. The word Tieyun is from Jiankang, Hongdu, An Baili. Jiangsu Dantu (now Zhenjiang) was born in Yangshan (now Huai 'an). Born in a bureaucratic family, but I don't like the words in the examination room. He inherited his family studies, devoted himself to practical knowledge such as mathematics, medicine and water conservancy, surveyed hundreds of schools, and liked to collect calligraphy and painting inscriptions. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first published to the world by his book "Hidden Tortoise in Iron Clouds". In his early years, the examination hall was unfavorable, and he used to practice medicine and do business. From the 14th year of Guangxu (1888) to the 21st year, he successively entered the shogunate of Wu Dacheng, the governor of Henan Province, and Zhang Yao, the governor of Shandong Province, and helped to control the Yellow River project with remarkable achievements. He was recommended to the Prime Minister's yamen as a local official. In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), he was hired by a foreign company as the manager of mining Shanxi minerals. Later, he participated in the drafting of the articles of association of Yufeng Company of Henan Mining Bureau, planned the mining of Sichuan Maha Gold Mine and Zhejiang Wenchu Sifu Coal Iron Mine for the rich company, and became a foreign comprador and broker. Twenty-six years (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Liu E bought Taicang Xiaomi from the allied forces and set up a stabilization bureau to relieve the hunger in Beijing. In thirty-four years (1908), the Qing court exiled him to Xinjiang on the charge of "selling millet privately" and died in Urumqi the following year.

Liu E was born on the eve of the complete demise of the feudal dynasty. On the one hand, he opposed the revolution, and at the same time he felt uneasy and angry about the political situation in the late Qing Dynasty. He believes that at that time, "the country's serious illness was lost to the people." It is unbearable that countries take exploitation as their religion and imperial courts take □ logging as their career. When people are in trouble, they will be in chaos "(letter to Huang Baonian). He asked for clarification of official management and opposed "tyranny disturbing the people" to ease class contradictions. With the influx of western civilization, his prescription of "supporting the decline and rejuvenating the country" is to borrow foreign capital to set up industries, build roads and mine, so that the people can get rid of poverty and the country will gradually become rich and strong. In his letter to Luo Zhenyu, he said: "When the Shanxi mine is opened, the people will be guaranteed and the country will be rich. The country has no reserves, so it is better to let Europeans open it. I will strictly make the whole mine tunnel mine for 30 years. If so, then the benefits of the other party are temporary, and my benefits are eternal. "But when imperialism stepped up its aggression against China and plundered the economy, Liu E made more concessions to foreign businessmen, and its system often undermined national sovereignty and people's interests. Therefore, it is "a universal custom, the purpose is China". Liu E believed in Taigu School and was one of the favorite students of Li Guang, the disciple of Zhou Taigu, the founder of Taigu School. In his letter to Huang Baonian, he once said, "Nothing is against the law of Longchuan (Li Guang □)" and "Don't stay up all night, change it and settle down". In Lao Can's Travels, he preached the essence of Taigu School which he inherited and developed through Gu and Huang Zhi, and thought that the division between reason and desire of Song Confucianism was inhuman. In dealing with things, we advocate people-oriented, so that "feelings stop at courtesy." At the same time, it is believed that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism all reach the same goal by different routes, and they all attract people with kindness and attract people with Dagong. In his letter to Huang Baonian, he also said that the school's "holy work outline is nothing more than two educational methods", pushing Huang to "take teaching the world as his own responsibility" and accepting "taking raising the world as his own responsibility". The spirit of Taigu School profoundly influenced Liu E's life thought, behavior and novel creation.

Liu E's novel Travel Notes of Lao Can is one of the four condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty. The book "Twenty Chapters of * * *" was published in the bimonthly issue of Xiu Xiang Novels in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903). 13 times was suspended for some reason, and then reloaded in Tianjin Daily. Originally born in Hongdu An Baili. In the novel's self-narration, the author said: "The chess game has been broken, and we will eventually grow old. Must we stop crying? " The novel is the author's cry for "the chess game has been abolished" in the end of feudalism and the people's deep suffering. This novel describes the experience and behavior of a quack named Lao Can, Tie Ying, during his travels. Lao Can is a positive figure who embodies the author's thoughts in his works. He "rang a string of bells", wandered around the rivers and lakes, made a living by practicing medicine, was indifferent and complacent, and did not enter the official career. However, he cares about the fate of the country and the nation, sympathizes with the people's sufferings, distinguishes right from wrong, is courageous and generous, and tries his best to save some people's sufferings. With the footsteps of the old and disabled, we can clearly see the social life of Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty. In this picturesque and charming land, a series of thrilling events are taking place. Feudal officials abused the people at will and created a hell on earth. The outstanding feature of the novel is to expose the tyranny of "honest officials" which is rarely exposed in previous literary works. The author said that "corrupt officials hate it, and everyone knows it. Honest officials are particularly hateful, and many people don't know it. Corrupt officials know that they are ill and dare not commit crimes openly. Honest officials think they don't want money. Why not? If you are willful, you will kill people when you are young, and you will be mistaken for your country when you are old. What we saw with our own eyes, I don't know how many. " "Novels have always exposed the evils of corrupt officials and honest officials, starting with Lao Can's travels" (comment back to the original 16). Liu E's "honest official" is actually an executioner who "aspires to be a big official" and takes credit for killing people and dyes the ceiling with people's blood. Yuxian added Cao Zhou magistrate as "outstanding talent and outstanding achievements". In less than a year, more than 2,000 people died in the 12 cage in front of the yamen, nine and a half of whom were good citizens. Yu Chaodong's family was planted because of their feud with the robbers. Yuxian insisted that they were robbers without investigation, and the father and son were destroyed in the cage at the station. The youngest son of a grocer in dongjiakou was caught dead in a cage because he criticized Yuxian casually after drinking. The people in Dongping Fu Bookstore hit the nail on the head and told the truth about Yuxian. "Whether you are reasonable or not, as long as he feels good in his heart, he is in the cage." Yuxian's logic is: "Is this person unjust or not? If I let him go, I will not be reconciled, and I will have no future in the future. As the saying goes,' cut the grass and remove the roots'. " In order to succeed in his career, he refused to put down his butcher knife. Lao Can's poem says, "Burying grievances in the city is black, and blood is red." "Killing people is like killing thieves, and the satrap is Rong Yuan", which profoundly reveals their essence. Gambick is also an honest official. He once refused huge bribes, but by refusing to accept bribes without money, he blindly speculated and decided to kill many good people in vain. He tried the huge case of Jia's thirteen lives, subjectively identified Wei's father and daughter as murderers, tortured them to extract confessions, and cast a shocking unjust prison. The novel also reveals those officials who seem virtuous, but in fact they are fatuous. Shandong governor Zhang "loves talents" and accepts talents. On the surface, he is a big shot in Corporal Li Xian, but in fact he is very fatuous. He does not distinguish between good and evil, virtuous and foolish, nor can he judge the right or wrong of deliberation. His love for talents and talents has brought a series of disasters to Shandong people. Yu Xian, the "energy thief", is appreciated by him, and Gang Bi is also relied on by him. What's more, he mistakenly adopted the suggestion of harnessing the river with stones, abandoned the people below Jiyang and retreated to the levee, causing hundreds of thousands of lives on both sides of the strait to suffer. In the novel Wedge into the Peach Blossom Garden, two strange people, Gu and Huang, who live in seclusion in the barren hills and mountains, are mainly described. Through their own words and deeds, they publicized the Taigu theory that the author believed in, and at the same time vilified and cursed the revolutionary movement at that time, that is, the so-called "Northern Boxing and Southern Revolution", that is, the boxer rebellion in the north and the bourgeois revolutionaries in the south, and attacked them as "disorderly parties". When the Boxer came to power, he said that "it almost killed the country"; The revolutionary party rose slowly. He believes that "it is not a skin disease, and it will be fatal if you know it." Warning people not to "get involved in his party" shows the author's backward and reactionary side. The first time in the novel is the author's symbolic illustration of politics at that time. He compared the corrupt China at that time to an old sailboat floating on the sea and about to be swallowed up by the wind and waves. There are several kinds of people on board: one is the person who sails at the helm, headed by the owner, referring to the upper feudal ruling group at that time. The author thinks that they are "not wrong", just because they are walking on the "Pacific Ocean", they will only live a quiet life and meet the storm unexpectedly, so they are at a loss. In addition, they didn't prepare the policy, and the sun, moon and stars were covered by clouds on cloudy days, so there was no support. The other kind of people are people who incite rebellion among passengers, compared with revolutionaries at that time, slandering them as "heroes" who only accept their own money and let others bleed. It is said that if we follow them, "this ship will cover faster." There are also some "inferior sailors" who wantonly search for customers, referring to the fact that the minions of the ruling class ignored the overall situation of the feudal dynasty and did evil at will. The author also dislikes them and regards them as sinners. How can we save this big ship that is about to collapse? The author thinks that the only way is to send it a "most accurate" foreign steering wheel, that is, to use some western civilizations to repair the broken country. Some characters and events written in the novel are real people. For example, Yuxian refers to Yuxian, Gangbi refers to fortitude, Zhang (sometimes writing Zhuang) refers to Yao Songyun, Wang Zijian refers to Wang Zizhan, Shen Dongzao refers to Du Bingguo, Yang Shaohe, Shi Shaoqing, etc., or changed his name, or changed his surname or saved his name because of his story. Black girls and white girls were real geisha at that time. The girl in white, a Wang Xiaoyu, played a geisha in Huming Lake, and was once called "Liu Jingting in Red Makeup". In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), people below Jiyang were abolished. At that time, the author was inspecting the Yellow River in Shandong and witnessed its tragic experience. As the author said: "unofficial history, to correct the shortcomings of history. Fame can be entrusted to philosophers, and things must be based on reality. " The artistic achievements of Lao Can's travel notes are outstanding in the novels of the late Qing Dynasty. Especially in the use of language, it has its unique achievements. For example, the scenery can be natural, vivid and colorful. The scenery of Qianfo Mountain and the moonlit night on Taohua Mountain in the book are all so clear and fresh. When describing Wang Xiaoyu's singing drums, the author used contrast techniques and a series of vivid metaphors, which gave a vivid description and gave people an immersive feeling. So Lu Xun praised it as "a narrative scene, sometimes impressive" (A Brief History of Chinese Novels).

Liu E also wrote the sequel to Travel Notes of Lao Can, which was written between the 31st year of Guangxu (1905) and the 33rd year. According to Liu, * * * has 14 times, and there are 9 times left today. 1934, published four times in the semi-monthly Human World, and the following year, Liangyou Book Company published six singles. 1962 The Travels of Lao Can published by Zhonghua Book Company included the last three times. In the first six episodes of the sequel, although there is also the content of exposing the abuse of women by bureaucratic children, it is mainly through the love story of a nun in Taishan Doulao Palace and her in-depth and subtle ideological activities, as well as Chi's words and deeds, that the wonderful truth of enlightenment is promoted. The last three chapters describe that old disabled people go to hell to punish evil and promote good.

In addition, there are more than 4700 words of external compilation, written after Guangxu thirty-one years. In addition to Travel Notes of Lao Can, Liu E also wrote Tian Ji, Dog Bone Grass, Three Books on Bone, Set of River Regulation, Seven Treatises on River Regulation, Continuation of River Regulation, Medical Collection, Life and Peace (Unfinished), Epistemology Collection and Tieyun Hidden Tortoise. 1980 Qilu Bookstore published Tieyun Poetry, whose poems are fresh, elegant and profound, reflecting some of his whereabouts and thoughts and feelings.

Respondents: Rugao Cedar-Huatan 101218: 31.

Liu E is a modern novelist. Formerly known as Meng Peng, the word YunTuan. Later, it was renamed e, the word iron cloud, and the word agreement. Signed "Hongdu Bailiansheng". Jiangsu Dantu (now Zhenjiang) was born in Yangshan (now Huai 'an). Born in a bureaucratic family, but I don't like the words in the examination room. He inherited his family studies, devoted himself to practical knowledge such as mathematics, medicine and water conservancy, surveyed hundreds of schools, and liked to collect calligraphy and painting inscriptions. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first published to the world by his book "Hidden Tortoise in Iron Clouds". In his early years, the examination hall was unfavorable, and he used to practice medicine and do business. From the 14th year of Guangxu (1888) to the 21st year, he successively entered the shogunate of Wu Dacheng, the governor of Henan Province, and Zhang Yao, the governor of Shandong Province, and helped to control the Yellow River project with remarkable achievements. He was recommended to the Prime Minister's yamen as a local official. In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), he was hired by a foreign company as the manager of mining Shanxi minerals. Later, he participated in the drafting of the articles of association of Yufeng Company of Henan Mining Bureau, planned the mining of Sichuan Maha Gold Mine and Zhejiang Wenchu Sifu Coal Iron Mine for the rich company, and became a foreign comprador and broker. Twenty-six years (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Liu E bought Taicang Xiaomi from the allied forces and set up a stabilization bureau to relieve the hunger in Beijing. In thirty-four years (1908), the Qing court exiled him to Xinjiang on the charge of "selling millet privately" and died in Urumqi the following year.

Responder: Prunella vulgaris-Tong Jinshi was born in grade 7 12-2 18:3 1.

Liu E (1857 65438+1October18-65438+August 23rd 0909)

Liu E is a modern novelist. Formerly known as Meng Peng, the word YunTuan. Later, it was renamed e, the word iron cloud, and the word agreement. Signed "Hongdu Bailiansheng". Jiangsu Dantu (now Zhenjiang) was born in Yangshan (now Huai 'an). Born in a bureaucratic family, but I don't like the words in the examination room. He inherited his family studies, devoted himself to practical knowledge such as mathematics, medicine and water conservancy, surveyed hundreds of schools, and liked to collect calligraphy and painting inscriptions. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first published to the world by his book "Hidden Tortoise in Iron Clouds". In his early years, the examination hall was unfavorable, and he used to practice medicine and do business. From the 14th year of Guangxu (1888) to the 21st year, he successively entered the shogunate of Wu Dacheng, the governor of Henan Province, and Zhang Yao, the governor of Shandong Province, and helped to control the Yellow River project with remarkable achievements. He was recommended to the Prime Minister's yamen as a local official. In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), he was hired by a foreign company as the manager of mining Shanxi minerals. Later, he participated in the drafting of the articles of association of Yufeng Company of Henan Mining Bureau, planned the mining of Sichuan Maha Gold Mine and Zhejiang Wenchu Sifu Coal Iron Mine for the rich company, and became a foreign comprador and broker. Twenty-six years (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Liu E bought Taicang Xiaomi from the allied forces and set up a stabilization bureau to relieve the hunger in Beijing. In thirty-four years (1908), the Qing court exiled him to Xinjiang on the charge of "selling millet privately" and died in Urumqi the following year.