Aristotle was Plato's student and Alexander's teacher. In 335 BC, he established a school in Athens called Lv Keang, called Minstrel. Marx once called Aristotle the most learned figure among ancient Greek philosophers, and Engels called him ancient Hegel.
Aristotle, like Plato, advocates that education is the function of the state and schools should be managed by the state. He first put forward the viewpoint of children's physical and mental development stage; He is in favor of the education of Athens bodybuilding and harmonious development, and advocates that natural quality, habit formation and rational development should be the three sources of moral education, but he opposes women's education and advocates "elegant" education, so that education can serve leisure.
Aristotle studied hard all his life, and his academic research involved logic, rhetoric, physics, biology, education, psychology, politics, economics, aesthetics and so on. , and wrote a lot of works. His famous works include Ancient Encyclopedia, which is said to have 400 to 1000 volumes, mainly including Instrumentalism, Metaphysics, Ethics and Ethics. His thoughts have had a far-reaching impact on mankind. He founded formal logic, enriched and developed various branches of philosophy and made great contributions to science.
Aristotle was born in Starkila, Thrace, and his father was a doctor of the king of Macedonia. In 366 BC, Aristotle was sent to study in Plato Academy in Athens, where he lived for 20 years until his teacher Plato died. After Plato's death, Aristotle left Athens because the new leader of the college was more sympathetic to the mathematical tendency in Plato's philosophy, which made Aristotle unbearable.
After leaving college, Aristotle accepted the invitation of his former classmate Hermias for the first time to visit Asia Minor. Hermia was then the ruler of Misia along the coast of Asia Minor. Aristotle also married Hermias' niece there. But in 344 BC, Hermias was murdered in a riot, and Aristotle had to leave Asia Minor and go to Terrini with his family.
Three years later, Aristotle was recalled to his hometown by King Philip II of Macedonia and became the teacher of Alexander the Great, who was only 13 years old at that time. Plutarch, a famous biographer in ancient Greece, believes that Aristotle instilled moral, political and philosophical education into the future world leader. We also have reason to believe that Aristotle also used his influence to play an important role in the formation of Alexander the Great's thought. It was under the influence of Aristotle that Alexander the Great always cared about science and respected knowledge. However, Aristotle and Alexander the Great may not have exactly the same political views. The former's political view is based on the declining Greek city-state, while the centralized empire established by Alexander the Great is tantamount to the invention of barbarians for the Greeks.
Although his students were already kings, Aristotle was not always with the king. He decided to return to Athens and set up his own college to teach philosophy. Aristotle attached great importance to teaching methods. He opposes rigid teaching methods, so he often takes students for a walk on Garden Avenue to discuss philosophy. So later generations called the Aristotelian School "Minstrel".
After Philip's death in 335 BC, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his own school there. The name of the college (Lv Keang) is named after the werewolf killer (Lv Keang) near the temple of Apollo. During this period, Aristotle wrote many philosophical works while giving lectures. Aristotle has the habit of walking in corridors and gardens when giving lectures. Because of this, the philosophy of academy is called "carefree philosophy" or "wandering philosophy". Aristotle also wrote many works in this period, mainly about natural science and philosophy in Nature and Physics, and the language used was much more obscure than Plato's dialogues. Many of his works are based on class notes, and some are even the class notes of his students. So some people regard Aristotle as the author of the first textbook in the West. After Alexander's death, the Athenians began to rebel against Macedonian rule. Because of his relationship with Alexander, Aristotle was accused of ungodly and had to take refuge in Calais. His college was handed over to Theophrastos. A year later, in 322 BC, Aristotle died of a disease accumulated for many years. The rumor that he poisoned himself or committed suicide by jumping into the sea because he couldn't explain the tidal phenomenon was completely unfounded.
biography
In 384 BC, Aristotle was born in Starkiel, a Greek settlement in Thrace Dodd, Laakia. Some people regard Aristotle's birthplace as the first textbook author in the West. It is a Greek colony, adjacent to emerging Macedonia, and its father is a court doctor of King Philip II of Macedonia. The family situation belongs to the middle class among slave owners.
In 367 BC, he moved to Athens to study medicine, and studied in Plato's College in Athens for many years, becoming an active participant in Plato's College.
From 18 to 38 years old in 366 BC-studied philosophy at Plato's Academy in Athens until Plato's teacher died. The study and life in this period had a decisive influence on his life. Is a very important stage.
Socrates is Plato's teacher, and these three generations of teachers and apprentices are all famous figures in the history of philosophy.
In Plato's academy, Aristotle performed very well, and Plato called him "academic spirit". But Aristotle is not a person who only worships authority. He only studies Nuo Nuo and has no ideas of his own. He is different from the teacher who talks about Hyunri. He worked hard to collect all kinds of books and materials, studied diligently and even set up a library for himself. According to records, Plato once satirized him as a bookworm.
During his college years, Aristotle and his teacher had ideological differences. He once metaphorically said that wisdom will not die with Plato. When Plato reached his later years, the differences between his master and his disciples became even greater, and quarrels often occurred. After Plato's death, Aristotle left Athens because the new dean of the college was more in favor of the mathematical tendency in Plato's philosophy, which made Aristotle unbearable.
In 347 BC, Plato died and Aristotle stayed in Athens for two years. After that, he began to travel around.
After leaving college, Aristotle accepted the invitation of his former classmate Hermias for the first time to visit Asia Minor. Hermia was then the ruler of Misia along the coast of Asia Minor. Aristotle also married Hermias' niece there.
In 344 BC, Hermias was murdered in a riot, so Aristotle had to leave Asia Minor and go to Terrini with his family.
In 342 BC, Aristotle was hired by King Philip II of Macedonia at the age of 42 and became the teacher of Alexander the Great, who was only 13 years old at that time.
Plutarch, a famous biographer in ancient Greece, believes that Aristotle instilled moral, political and philosophical education into the future world leader. However, Aristotle and Alexander the Great may not have exactly the same political views. The former's political view is based on the declining Greek city-state, while the centralized empire established by Alexander the Great is tantamount to the invention of barbarians for the Greeks.
In 338 BC, King Philip II of Macedonia defeated the anti-Macedonian Coalition forces composed of Athens, Thebes and other countries, and has since dominated Greece.
In 337 BC, Philip called a meeting of all Greece, agreeing that the Greek states would stop the war and establish a permanent alliance, with Macedonia as the leader. At the meeting, Philip announced that he would command the allied forces of the Greek States and make an expedition to Persia. At this point, Macedonia has actually mastered the military and political power of all Greece, and the Greek States have existed in name only and become vassals of Macedonia.
Philip was stabbed to death in 336 BC. His son Alexander, who was only twenty years old, became king.
In 335 BC, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his own school there. The name of the college (Lyceum) is named after Lyceum Lv Keang near the temple of Apollo. During this period, Aristotle wrote many philosophical works while giving lectures. Aristotle attached great importance to teaching methods. He opposes rigid teaching methods. He often takes his students for a walk on the Garden Avenue and discusses philosophy, so he calls Aristotle School "Free and unfettered School".
The philosophy of the academy is called "carefree philosophy" or "wandering philosophy".
Aristotle also wrote many works in this period, mainly about natural science and philosophy in Nature and Physics, and the language used was much more obscure than Plato's dialogues.
In 334 BC, Alexander led the Macedonian army and the Greek allied forces to Persia. In less than ten years, he defeated the Persian army, which claimed to be a million, and then destroyed the ancient Persian empire. An unprecedented Alexander Empire was established-its territory starts from Greece in the west, reaches the Indus River in the east, borders Egypt in the south and reaches Central Asia in the north.
In 323 BC, Alexander died. This great empire, conquered by force, was divided into several independent kingdoms after melee.
After Alexander's death, the Athenians began to rebel against Macedonian rule. Because of his relationship with Alexander, Aristotle was accused of ungodly and had to take refuge in Calais. His college was handed over to Theophrastos.
In this turbulent era, Aristotle returned to Athens and lived there for twenty years, that is, from the year before Alexander's expedition to the year of Alexander's death. During this period, although Macedonia controlled Athens militarily and politically, there was still great anti-Macedonian potential there.
Aristotle came to Athens, probably shouldering the political mission of persuading the Athenians to obey Macedonia. He received a lot of preferential treatment. In addition to his prominent position in politics, he also received a lot of money, materials and land support from bureaucrats at all levels in Alexandria and Macedonia.
Lv Keang College, founded by him, occupies a huge playground and garden area near the temple of Apollo Lv Keang. In the academy, there were first-class libraries and animal and botanical gardens at that time. He started his own school here. It is said that Alexander provided his teacher with 800 gold talan (60 pounds of gold per talan) for research. Alexander also provided a lot of manpower for his teacher. He ordered his men to collect animal and plant specimens and other materials for Aristotle.
In fact, Aristotle's masterpiece can't be completed by one person. For example, he has outlined and analyzed 158 political systems, and it is impossible to complete a lot of collection and sorting work without the assistance of a group of assistants. When the news of Alexander's death reached Athens, there was an anti-Macedonian frenzy. The Athenians attacked Aristotle and sentenced him to blasphemy. Socrates was sentenced to death for blasphemy. But Aristotle finally fled Athens.
His works include three aspects:
First, the knowledge accumulation of predecessors,
The second is the investigation and discovery made by his assistant.
The third is his own opinion.
In 322 BC, Aristotle died of diseases accumulated for many years at the age of 63. The rumor that he poisoned himself or committed suicide by jumping into the sea because he couldn't explain the tidal phenomenon was completely unfounded.
His major academic achievements, please ask another question.