The Basic Knowledge of Modern Chinese Reading and the Classification of Answer Format (1)
1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion.
Second, the expression techniques: symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense, echo before and after, desire to promote first, express meaning by holding things, express feelings by borrowing things, associate, imagine and set off (positive contrast, negative contrast).
Third, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy and irony.
Four, the six elements of narrative: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.
5. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback and insertion.
Sixth, description angle: positive description and side description.
Methods of describing characters: language, action, manner, psychology and appearance.
Eight, the perspective of describing the scene: vision, hearing, taste and touch.
Methods of describing scenery: combining static with dynamic (writing static with dynamic), combining generalization with concrete, from far to near (or from near to far)
X. Description (or lyric) methods: positive (also called direct) and negative (also called indirect).
XI。 Narrative mode: general narrative and detailed description.
Twelve. Interpretation order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order.
13. explanation: examples, numbers, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation and quotation.
Fourteen, the plot of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
Fifteen, the three elements of the novel: the character, the plot and the specific environment.
Sixteen, environmental description is divided into: natural environment and social environment.
17. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
18. Argumentation is divided into factual argument and rational argument.
Nineteen. Argumentation methods: example (or fact) argument, reason argument (sometimes called quotation argument), contrast (or positive and negative contrast) argument, metaphor argument.
20. Method of argument: argument and rebuttal (rebuttable argument, argument, argument)
Twenty-one, the structure of argumentative essay: total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts.
Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks: citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation, irony, irony
Twenty-three, dash usage: prompt, comment, summary, progression, topic change, interjection.
(A) the role of sentences in the text:
1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;
2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;
3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)
(B) the role of rhetoric:
(1) own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.
1, figuratively personified: vivid;
Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.
2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ;
Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.
3. Ask questions: arouse readers' attention and thinking;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics
Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.
4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …
5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.
(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering the question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.
(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...
Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...
Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.
(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
I can't. Because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence) (2) this word corresponds to the above one by one (3) these words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be exchanged.
(6) Summary of paragraph meaning
1. Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.
Format: (time+place)+people+things.
2. explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.
Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)
3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.
Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?
Classification of problem-solving methods in modern Chinese reading in junior middle schools (2)
Summary of explanatory reading test sites
Test center 1: Explanatory object
Type of examination: "What is the explanatory object of this article (or paragraph)?"
Countermeasures: the general title of the article is the object of explanation; Find concluding sentences at the beginning and end of the explanation.
Because the object of explanation is the thing or thing to be introduced in the article, usually a noun or noun phrase, we can start from two aspects: look at topic 2 and look at the first and last paragraphs. The description of things can only point out what is explained. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: Introduction (object plus content).
Test site 2: Explain the characteristics of objects.
Type 1 to find out the sentences that describe the characteristics of things directly.
Countermeasures: A, look at topic B, find C in the first paragraph, and grasp the key words.
Type 2, summarizing the characteristics of things
Countermeasures: analyze the structure of the article and grasp the central sentences and conjunctions, such as "first", "second", "also" and "except".
Test center 3, explanation method
1 type, directly answer the explanation method of the article or paragraph.
Countermeasures: Understand the main characteristics of common interpretation methods (for example, classification, definition, analogy, number of columns, column diagram, quotation), and then analyze and judge according to the paragraph content.
Type two, what kind of interpretation method is used in a paragraph or sentence of the article?
Countermeasures: Find out the interpretation methods used, and then give specific answers according to the functions of the following interpretation methods.
For example, 1: does illustrate the xx characteristics of things.
2. Classification: the organization clearly states the xx characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.
3. Metaphor: Illustrate the xx characteristics of this thing vividly and enhance the interest of the article.
4, the number of columns: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing. Make the explanation more convincing.
5. Contrast: xx characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.
6. Definition: to reveal the object of explanation or scientific facts in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics or facts of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
7. Chart: Illustrates the xx characteristics of things visually.
8. Citation: Use quotation to illustrate the characteristics of things and enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs. At the beginning of the article, the reference description also plays the role of drawing out the description object.
Test site 4, explain the order
Type: What description order is used in this article? What's the role?
Countermeasures: 1. Understand the basic knowledge of the order of explanation: there are three kinds of writing order of explanation.
(1) Spatial order: The shape and structure of things are mostly in the structure of buildings, such as up and down, far and near, left and right, inside and outside, east and west, north and south, etc.
⑵ Time series: explain the development and change of things.
⑶ Logical order: Explain things and explain the internal relations between things.
Specific analysis of logical order: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part, whole-division.
2. Mastering the answer format: This paper adopts the order of ××× to make the explanation more organized and easy for readers to understand.
Test site 5. descriptive language
What is the purpose of adding words by typing 1?
Countermeasures: Grasp the characteristics of accurately explaining the language and answer questions. Format: explain the characteristics or reasons of things accurately and vividly.
Type 2. Can you use another word instead? And explain why.
Countermeasures: (1) No (2) The meaning or content of the original word. (3) The meaning or content of the changed words. (4) What changes have taken place in the meaning after the change, or it is not in line with reality.
Type 3. Can restrictive words be deleted?
Countermeasure: (1) Take a stand (delete or not).
(2) qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Tables such as "about", "possible" and "about" estimate the number of "more" and "more" tables.
(3) If it is deleted, what will the original meaning become? It is unrealistic and too absolute.
(4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of language.
Type 4, find a word from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of explanatory language and experience it.
Countermeasures: Find out the accurate words and expressions in the language, and then explain their functions. Finding the right sentence can start from the following aspects: ① finding the right sentence of data; ② Look for sentences with similar numbers; ③ Find out the sentences that use restrictive words.
5. Meaning types of demonstrative pronouns
Type: refers to what these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth in the text refer to.
Countermeasures: generally refers to the sentence before pronouns, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part.
Test site six, summary information
Type: summarize and refine relevant information.
Countermeasures: ① Extract the main points and find the relevant central sentence directly. This method is suitable for articles with clear center and concise discussion.
(2) Abstract explanation, that is, organizing language to reveal the main content of the article. This method is suitable for all kinds of articles such as evaluating things, analyzing things and defining characteristics. The key to abstract explanation is to fully grasp the content of the article and grasp the essence.
③ To sum up, this method is suitable for complex content. It requires that several related points should be clarified first, and then some points should be summarized and integrated.
Test center seven. Function of paragraphs
Type: Explain the function of a paragraph or sentence.
Countermeasures: There are two angles to answer this question:
(1), structure, content and function: lead out the following, connect the preceding with the following, and summarize the full text or the previous article. Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object of explanation or explaining things.
(2), combined with interpretation.
Explain ... (features or things) by the method of interpretation of ..., so as to explain ... (functions).
Test center 8. Fabricate related statements
Type 1. Write a sentence in the blank, which is consistent with the following meaning.
Countermeasures: At the beginning and end of the space, you often need to fill in the center, analyze the content of the paragraph and think again.
Type 2, please write a paragraph using the description method used in the underlined part.
Countermeasures: Combine the contents closely and use the above explanation methods accurately and reasonably.
Test center 9. Central sentence
Type 1 to find the central sentence directly.
Countermeasure: Look at the beginning, the end or the middle, and the individual is in the middle of the paragraph.
Type 2, the central sentence of the summary paragraph.
Countermeasures: (1) When thinking about this paragraph, we should not only pay attention to the main ones, but also pay attention to the secondary ones. (2) Words that closely express order, such as "first", "second" and "you", are summarized with reference to the sentence patterns of the central sentences in the upper and lower paragraphs.
Test center ten, expand the question type
Type: express your opinion on a certain content or form of the selected text; Associating with a certain content of the selected text; Give some opinions or ideas about.
Countermeasures: write according to the actual situation, the original text, inventory and the characteristics of the things introduced in the article.
Summary of test sites for argumentative reading
1, the function of analysis and demonstration method: two main points of function. Details are as follows:
(1) Demonstration with examples: By citing specific examples to prove, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.
Answer format: give an example.
(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument by reasoning, so that the argument is more general and profound.
Form of answer: fully and forcefully demonstrated the viewpoint of ...
③ Metaphorical argument: Proved by metaphor, making the argument vivid and easy to understand.
Answer format: vividly demonstrates the viewpoint of …, making the argument easy to understand and accept.
④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.
Answer format: discuss from both positive and negative aspects, and point of view …………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Analysis of types and functions of argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: rational argumentation and factual argumentation.
(1) Define the type of argument; (2) Specific analysis.
The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments, whether it is the relationship between central arguments and sub-arguments, it is the relationship between proof and proof. So the standard answer format is as follows: this is an argument, which plays the role of proof ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )
Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of problem, we should pay attention to the following two aspects:
(1) See clearly the type of argument required to be supplemented, that is, see clearly whether the requirement is a famous saying or an example;
(2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.
3. The article puts forward the way of central argument:
The title of the article points out the central argument; ② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article; ③ The article ends with a central argument; (4) Put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence in the middle of the article.
The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …
4. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.
First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).
In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.
5, paragraph structure function:
(1) leads to the following (all); (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.
As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.
The function of the first paragraph: it often leads to the central argument (topic). Then, we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats to use or adapt:
At the beginning, by writing an example ..., the central argument ... (or the topic ...) is put forward.
(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).
(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.
The function of the last paragraph: (1) deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …; (2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...; (3) Call or exhort people ...; (4) Supplementary argumentation. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is to make the argument more rigorous. )
7. The function of quoting poems and stories
Enhancing interest, as an argument to prove an argument, can also lead to a topic (argument) if it is at the beginning.
8. Common mistakes in solving argumentative reading problems are:
(1) The topic and argument are not clear.
Some topics of argumentative essays are arguments, and some are topics. In the process of answering questions, the stem requires finding the central argument. Some students will find that the topic is the answer, but they don't know that it is just a topic, not an argument. In fact, the topic is what the author wants to discuss, and the argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed.
② The argumentation method in argumentative essay is confused with the explanation method in expository essay.
Examples and metaphors in argumentative writing are often confused with those in expository writing. The key is to distinguish styles and master the special terms of different styles.
③ Simply understand "what are the characteristics of argumentation" as "what kind of argumentation methods are used".
When students answer questions, they often directly answer the characteristics of argumentation into one or more of the four argumentation methods. The answer to this question should be: "What kind of argumentation method is used to prove what point of view (affirmation or negation) first, and then what kind of argumentation method is used to prove what point of view (affirmation or negation), and whether there is any comparison before and after.
Guidance of narrative reading methods
1. Narrative concept: Narration is a style with narrative and description as the main forms of expression and characters, narrative, scenery and objects as the main contents.
2. Six narrative elements: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
3. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback and insertion.
4, narrative clues:
(1) Take time as a clue (2) Take events as a clue (3) Take something as a clue.
(4) Take someone as a clue. (5) Take information as a clue. (6) Take the change of location as a clue.
(7) Take emotion as a clue. Some articles have more than one clue, which is divided into main lines and sub-lines; There are open lines and dark lines.
5. Narrator: the first person and the third person, and sometimes the second person.
6. Details in narrative: Details in narrative are a question of how to draw materials and how to combine materials to stick to the center and reflect the theme.
Any specific materials that play an important role in the theme, have profound connotations and vivid plots will be written in great detail; Materials that play a secondary role in the theme can only be summarized.
When reading a narrative, we should pay attention to how the details of the material serve the theme. Although the secondary materials can't be written in detail, they can't be written either, because it involves the combination of point and surface of the article. Point (written in detail), reflecting the depth of the article and highlighting the theme; Face (omitted) reflects the breadth of the article, making it comprehensive and full, and not writing secondary materials at all will affect the face of the article.
7. Narrative expression: narration, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism.
Characters can be described in front or side. Positive description includes direct description of the characters' appearance, language, movements, psychology and demeanor. Indirect description is to express the protagonist by describing the words and deeds, psychology or environment of other characters.
Environmental description includes natural environment description and social environment description.
The function of environmental description: ① to show the style of the times, local customs, set off the psychology of characters, show the character, deepen the theme, explain the background, render the atmosphere, infect readers, promote the development of the story, and explain the time and place where the story happened.
Methods of describing scenery: dynamic and static combination, generalization and concrete combination, from near to far or from far to near.
8. Transition and reference in narrative.
(1) Transition function: connecting the preceding with the following.
① Connect different events or different scenes.
(2) the transformation between narration, discussion and lyricism.
③ Changing different narrative methods.
(2) care.
To analyze the care of articles, we should do four things: ① Look at the care of paragraphs and topics. Look at the beginning and end of nursing. (3) Looking at suspense before, caring after, advancing layer by layer, and multiple caring. ④ Look at the overlapping anaphora of the same or similar sentences and paragraphs.
9. Understand the profound meaning of keywords: Grasping the keywords in the article plays an important role in understanding the ideological content of the article and analyzing the character. For keywords, pay attention to the following aspects.
(1) conjectures and judges the meaning of a language with the help of context.
(2) Try to compare synonyms or synonyms to understand the meaning. Correct understanding, but also through reading body odor, through reference books to verify.
(3) Pay attention to the implied meaning in the sentence (that is, the implication).
10, understand the meaning of the sentence
(1) The functions of the paragraph (sentence) at the beginning of the article may include: pointing out the center, setting suspense, guiding the full text, leading out the following (topic), paving the way for the following, and promoting the development of the story.
(2) The functions of paragraphs (sentences) at the end of the article may include: making the finishing point, pointing out the center, deepening the theme, summarizing the full text, echoing from beginning to end, and taking care of the overall structure.
(3) The functions of the middle paragraph (sentence) in the article may include: transition (connecting the preceding with the following, connecting the preceding with the following). (The answer format of the above three questions is: in terms of content, it has played a role-; Structurally, it plays a role. )
1 1. Common rhetorical methods: ① metaphor (vivid, vivid ...); (2) personification (vivid and vivid ...); 3 exaggeration; ④ Parallelism (enhancing momentum); ⑤ Duality; ⑥ Citation (enhancing power); 7. Ask questions; ⑧ rhetorical question (emphasis)
The functions of figurative sentences may include: vividly describing the characteristics of what (ontology).
The function of parallelism sentences is to have a lively rhythm and a coherent tone, to read heartily, to be magnificent, and to express strong feelings.
12, narrative expression (writing): ① symbol; ② Contrast; 3 set off (characters); 4 contrast (atmosphere); ⑤ bedding/bedding; ⑥ Care/echo; ⑦ Yang Yi (... first ...); ⑧ Expressing emotion with scenery/metaphor with things/expressing feelings with things; Pet-name ruby suspense; Attending coincidence.
13, dividing the narrative paragraph level: Pay attention to the following methods to divide the paragraph level:
(1) divided by time.
(2) according to the conversion of position.
(3) According to the description.
(4) according to the changes of thoughts and feelings.
(5) According to the structural characteristics of total-sub-total.
14, summary narrative paragraph:
(1) Syntactic abstraction: extract the central sentence of a paragraph; (2) Summary: Summarize the main meaning of the article; (3) Joint method: Some paragraphs have two or more important meanings, so it is necessary to link these meanings and sum up the meaning of the joint paragraphs.
The framework (method) for summarizing one thing is: Who (usually the protagonist of the article) did what.
15, summarizing the center of the narrative:
(1) Start with topic analysis. (2) Starting with material analysis. (3) Start with the analysis in the first paragraph. (4) From the end of the analysis. (5) Starting with the analysis of the arguments and lyricism in the text. (6) Starting with summarizing paragraphs or analyzing character events.
There is a common format in the center of narrative: this paper narrates (describes) stories (deeds, stories, events and scenes) about …, expresses (reflects, praises, exposes and criticizes) thoughts (personality, spirit and essence) about …, and expresses the author's feelings about ….
16, analysis of narrative characters:
(1) starts with a direct description of the characters. (2) Start with the introduction. (3) Start with the detailed description. (4) From the analysis of character relationship.
17. Analysis of the writing characteristics of narrative: To analyze the writing characteristics of narrative, we should not only pay attention to the characteristics of genre, but also consider the following aspects: (1) From the material of the article, (2) Judging from the structure and layout of the article. (3) Judging from the expression of the article. (4) Judging from the language use of the article.
18, narrative six-step reading method: this is a basic method to read narrative according to stylistic characteristics. It is suitable for reading all kinds of articles with narratives and descriptions as the main forms and people, events, memories, scenery and things as the main contents.
Such as: news, newsletters, features, essays, diaries, travel notes, interview notes, memoirs, biographies, reportage, etc. Its method can generally be summarized as the following six steps: (1) Look at the title information and try to figure out the narrative type; ⑵ Grasp the narrative elements and understand the general content; (3) managing clues and distinguishing paragraph levels; (4) Distinguish the narrative mode and understand the layout characteristics; 5) Excavate the central idea and understand the meaning of the work; [6] Analysis of expression techniques for reference.
19, appreciation section: (1) content (what to write; What is unique about the selection of materials); (2) Form (writing method; Language features; Rhetoric); ⑶ Emotion (the social value, significance and function of the article).
20. Punctuation: (1) Five uses of quotation marks: ① table quotation; (2) the specific title of the form; (3) table key points/table key points; (4) special meaning; ⑤ Expressing irony or negation.
(2) Five usages of dashes: ① table explanation; (2) the interruption or extension of the phonograph; ③ table insertion theory; ④ Form topic conversion; (5) table progressive.
(3) Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② The predication is intermittent; 3 table words are not finished; 4 express ambivalence; 5 thinking jump; What's wrong with thinking?
Expression skills (memory, understanding and application) of Chinese poetry appreciation in junior middle schools
1. Means of expression: allusions, comparison, rendering, communication, comparison, lyricism with objects, scene blending, lyricism with scenery, combination of static and dynamic, combination of virtual and real, euphemism and implication, comparison, allegory, symbol, pun, etc.
2. Rhetoric methods: exaggeration, parallelism, duality, metaphor, metonymy, analogy, pun, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, repetition, etc.
3. Performance: narration, discussion, description and lyricism.
Lyricism: It can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism (lyricism by borrowing scenery, lyricism by holding things; Scene fusion).
Description: it can be divided into static and dynamic combination, virtual and real combination, point-to-surface combination and frontal combination; Le Jing wrote about mourning, mourning for Syaraku and so on.
3. The commonly used terms in analyzing poetic language are: accurate, vivid, concise, incisive, concise, bright, fresh, novel, beautiful, gorgeous, implicit, simple and natural.
4. Chapter structure: cut to the chase, get into the theme, express your ambitions, bond feelings with scenery, get a proper total score, see the big from the small, go deep into layers, take care of the transition and pave the way.
5. Thoughts and feelings include: the feeling of worrying about the country and the people, the pain of the country's ruin and death, the desolation of wanderers, the bitterness of asking for a husband and thinking about women, the loneliness of failing to achieve talents, the resentment of serving the country, the heroism of making contributions, the indifference of freedom and leisure, the love of beautiful mountains and rivers, the sincerity of family, the joy of returning to the field to live in seclusion, the pain of dark officialdom, the feeling of parting and missing, and the relegation of officials.
6. Function: deepening the artistic conception and theme, with profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, meaningful and intriguing.