The Han Dynasty was another peak of the development of ancient science and technology in China. On the one hand, science and technology itself has undergone a long period of brewing, accumulation and practice during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and reached the point where quantitative change is enough to cause qualitative change. On the other hand, social and political unity and stability, economic recovery and sustainable development have created good external conditions for scientific and technological activities and the arrival of a new upsurge in science and technology. It presents many characteristics such as numerous scientific and technological talents, numerous scientific and technological works, brilliant scientific and technological achievements, and increasingly obvious infiltration and coordination of science and technology on production.

The completion of Nine Chapters Arithmetic and Zhou Bi suan Jing marks the formation of a unique mathematical system with abacus as a calculation tool, which is characterized by the combination of shape and number and the arithmeticization of mathematics. Today, due to the appearance of computers, arithmetic plays an increasingly important role in modern mathematics. China's ancient arithmetic thoughts and methods are being integrated with modern computer science and technology. Therefore, it will be rejuvenated and reappeared with a brand-new look. It is foreseeable that it will play an important role in the development of mathematics.

Calendar laid the original framework of China's later calendar system, norms and basic contents, while the development of astronomical instruments represented by Zhang Heng, the observation and recording of astronomical phenomena and the cosmology represented by the three heavenly schools formed the inherent tradition of ancient astronomy in China. The appearance of Hanshu Geography opened up a new field of evolutionary geography research. Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica is a summary of drug knowledge in China since Qin and Han Dynasties, which laid the foundation for later generations' materia medica. Treatise on Febrile Diseases not only establishes the medical principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment, but also greatly enriches the content of Chinese medicine system, which is more in line with the practical application of medical treatment. Bi Sheng's book can be said to be a summary of agricultural knowledge. Such as Lun Heng, Huainan Zi, Huainan Wanhua Book, Zhouyi Tongcanqi, Erya, etc. It also contains a wealth of physical, chemical or biological production technologies, which have become the main technologies with traditional characteristics in ancient China, such as iron smelting, textile machinery, farm tools manufacturing, paper-making technology, lacquerware technology, shipbuilding, etc., and have all appeared and reached a considerable level. For example, Zhao's iron-hoofed rickshaw, Du's water platoon, the principle and method of cascade lock design, the architectural style of wood structure, shaft furnace smelting method and the map drawn on the basis of actual measurement are all outstanding achievements. Papermaking is one of the most important inventions in Han Dynasty, and it is also a great contribution of China to world civilization. The popularization of Niu Geng, the innovation of the farming system of substitute farming and district farming played an important role in liberating and promoting the development of productive forces at that time.

The opposition and struggle between Wang Chong's theory of vitality and Dong Zhongshu's theory of "the connection between heaven and man" is another milestone in the development of China's history of scientific thought. Even the latter, from the perspective of coordinating the relationship between man and nature, has its essence worth learning.

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