Chinese name: mbth, Austronesian language family: Austronesian language family alias: Malay-Polynesian language family Geographical location: Madagascar island in southeast Africa, introduction, history, language family, distribution area, reclassification, origin and evolution, relationship with other language families, daily language, grammar, Indonesian language family, Polynesian language family, Melanesian language family, Micronesia language family, language pedigree, Austronesian language family. It starts from Madagascar Island in southeast Africa in the west, Easter Island in Chile in the east, Taiwan Province Province and Hawaiian Island in the north and New Zealand Island in the south. 1706, the Dutch H. Lerant discovered the kinship of languages in the South Island. 1836, German W.F. Humboldt used the term Malay-Polynesian to describe this language family. At the end of 19, German W Schmidt (1868 ~ 1954) named them Austronesian languages. Generally speaking, it is divided into four language families: Indonesian, Polynesian, Melanesian and Micronesia. This language family is mainly composed of the languages of the Pacific Islands, Indo-China Peninsula at the southeast end of the Asian continent and some islands in the Indian Ocean. The number of languages, some people think there are more than 300, others think there are as many as 500. Austronesian population is about 250 million. Austronesian language is an adhesive language, and its main word formation and configuration means are adding additional components to the root and overlapping or partially overlapping the root. Most commonly used words are disyllabic, and the syllable structure is relatively simple. Most roots can be used as both nouns and verbs. Names, common nouns and locative nouns use different articles respectively. There are differences between "we" and "we" in the first person pronoun. There are decimal numbers, five-digit numbers and even four-digit numbers. Verbs include forms, tenses, aspects and states. Word order often changes with the nature of the predicate. Some linguistic verbs appear after the subject and some linguistic verbs appear at the beginning of the sentence. Where did the Austronesian language family in history come from? Some people say it originated from the South Asian language family, some people say it originated from the Indo-European language family, and some people say it originated from the Sino-Tibetan language family. Where is the hometown of Austronesian language family? Chinese and foreign scholars have different views. There are now sayings of Micronesia, South China, Taiwan Province Province, Indonesia, Indian zhina Peninsula and western New Guinea. The highest support rate comes from Taiwan Province Province. Taiwan Province Province is the source of Austronesian language family and lives in the Atayal settlement in Wulai District, New Taipei City. Taiwan Province aborigines occupy an important position in Austronesian culture. Austronesian language family is divided into four language families: ① Indonesian language family is distributed in Taiwan Province Province (the indigenous language of Taiwan Province Province) and the Philippines (Tagalog language, Pisayan language, etc. ), Indochina Peninsula (Chinglish, Malay, etc. ), Nanyang Islands (Indonesia, Java, etc. ) and Madagascar (Madagascar). ② Micronesian language is distributed in Mariana, Guam, Caroline, Botswana, Marshall, Nauru, Gilbert and other places east of the Philippines and north of the equator. (3) Melanesian language is distributed in New Guinea, Bismarck, Solomon, Santa Cruz, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji and other places east of Indonesia and south of the equator. (4) Polynesian language family is distributed in the vast areas east of the above two major language families, including Midway Island and Hawaii to the north of the equator and the right side of the international international date line, and Phoenix, Tokelau, Samoa, French Polynesia, Pitcairn Island, Easter Island, Tonga and New Zealand to the south of the equator, with more than 100 languages and dialects. The so-called Austronesian language family in the distribution area is composed of the roots of two Greek characters austro-and -nesia. The former means the south and the latter means the island, so we translate "Austronesian language family" into "Austronesian" (Wikipedia 2004; ; D 1999). Austronesian languages are spoken in Taiwan Province Province, the Philippines, Borneo, Indonesia, Madagascar, New Guinea, New Zealand, Hawaii, Melanesia, Porini and other island languages, plus Malay in Malay Peninsula, Cham in Vietnam, Khmer in Indo-China Peninsula and Moken/Mokelon in Thailand. Austronesian languages are widely distributed and there are many kinds of languages. According to the information in the world language database "Ethnology", there are 1262 languages (Ethnology: World Languages 2004). It is worth noting that in areas classified as Austronesian languages, some islands also use non-Austronesian languages. Take Taiwan Province Province as an example. Besides Austronesian, there are different Chinese languages, such as Heluo and Hakka. Reclassification According to the classification on Ethnologue website, Austronesian languages can be further divided into two sub-languages, one called Formosa in Taiwan Province province and the other called Malay-Polynesian in Porini. The former has 23 languages, which can be further divided into three systems: Atayal, Paiwani and Zoyik. The latter has 65,438+0,239 languages, which can be further divided into "Central-East Malay-Polynesian", "West Malay-Polynesian" and two unclassified languages (Ethnology: World Languages 2004). Interestingly, besides those quoted from Ethnography, there seem to be other statements about the relationship between Austronesian and Malay-Polynesian languages. According to Diamond(2000), Austronesian language family has ten sub-languages, nine of which are in Taiwan Province Province, and the last one is Malay-Porini West Asian. That is to say, Malaya-Porini West Asian is regarded as a subfamily of Austronesian language family, although its classification method is not consistent with that listed in Ethnologue (see also Wikipedia 2004). However, it seems that most related documents in Taiwan Province Province equate "Malay-Porini West Asians" with "Austronesian language family". For example, the Academia Sinica in Taiwan (1996) has the following statement: "Austronesian language family, also known as Malay-Polynesian language (sic), is the only large language family mainly distributed on islands in the world." The Pingpu Cultural Information Network (nd, B) of Academia Sinica also said, "The languages used by the aborigines living in Taiwan Province Province, namely Pingpu and Gaoshan, are not only closely related to each other, but also related to many languages in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean islands, forming what the academic circles call Austronesian. Some linguists believe that Thai may also be regarded as a part of the extended definition of Austronesian language family, although most scholars still seem to classify it as "Tai Ka Dai (Zhuang Dong)". Others try to write the relationship between Austronesian Language Family, South Asian Language Family and Tai-Ka Language Family (Zhuang-Dong Language Family), and think that they should form a larger Austrian language family. However, neither of these two statements seems to be accepted by most linguists. The origin and evolution of Austronesian language is a hot topic in academic research. Earlier statements include different statements that language originated from Macronesia, south of the Yangtze River in China, Indochina Peninsula and West New Guinea (for a brief review of these statements, please refer to the Pingpu Cultural Information Network nd, C of Academia Sinica). However, since shutter and Mark published a paper in 1975, demonstrating that Taiwan Province Province is the most likely birthplace of Austronesian, international academic circles have gradually accepted this statement (Shutter and Marc1975). Especially after Peter Bellwood published a paper on this issue in Scientific American on 199 1, it almost became the knowledge of most scholars that Austronesian originated in Taiwan Province Province (Bellwood1991; See also Diamond 2000). However, in recent years, there is a new saying that the origin of this language may be in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia or nearby islands (see Microsoft 2004). Bellwood believes that Austronesians, who speak Austronesian, come from the Asian continent and probably belong to the same family as Jintai people or South Asians. After separation, they came to Taiwan Province Province, about 6,000 years ago. About 5,000 years ago, it began to spread southward from Taiwan Province Province to the Philippine Islands, mainly distributed in the northern part of Luzon Island. Then it went to Borneo and eastern Indonesia, about 4500 years ago. Then it spread eastward and westward, to the Mariana Islands (Guam and Saipan) in the east, to parts of the South Pacific, and to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in the west, about 3200 years ago. The next step is to spread to the Caroline Islands in Melanesia in the central Pacific Ocean. Then he went east to Porini and West Asia, about 300 AD. Today, Maori in New Zealand are the latest immigrants, around 800 AD. From the archaeological point of view, according to the spread process of bark cloth technology in the world, it presents a spread route from South China-Indochina Peninsula-Philippines-Central America, which is very similar to the spread of Austronesian language family in anthropology. Bark cloth technology is one of the cultural elements of Austronesian language. About 7,000 years ago, a large number of stone swatters made of bark cloth were unearthed in the Pearl River Estuary of China, which will also open up broad prospects for the exploration and study of the origin of Austronesian ancestors in the future. Scholars talk about the relationship between Austronesian language family and other language families. At present, there are four different hypotheses: 1, and Austronesian languages have no homologous relationship with other languages (traditional view). Many historical linguists hold this view. 2. Wilhelm Schmidt1904, a German missionary, proposed that Austronesian languages are homologous to South Asian languages. 3. American scholar Dahl 1970 pointed out that Austronesian language family is homologous to Indo-European language family. 4. French scholar Xia Jiaer proposed in 1990 that Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan languages are homologous, which was recognized by Professor Xing Gongwan in China. Everyday English → Austronesian (Chinese Samoan) is →' IOE.
No → Ai Le
Please → Amoreux Moeller.
Thank you → Faafety
Never mind →' ua lelei
big-* * * all→tele-la ' itiiti ti
Fast-slow → valve /e-gese
Morning-evening →vave-tuai
Cheap-expensive →taugfie-taugatā
Near-Far → Latalata-Mamao
Hot-cold → Vevera-Malus
Full-empty → Mutu-high
Easy-Difficult → Failure-Failure
Shigemitsu → Mom Method-Mom
On-off → tatara-Tapuni
True or false → Sao Seth
Old-New → Tuanfu
Young and old → Matua-Tarawu
Beauty-Ugliness →'aulelei/'auleaga
Good-bad →lelei-leaga
Better-worse → Feolololo-Le Aga Tele Austronesian (Filipino) → Chinese kumusda ka? How are you? Baalam= Goodbye salamat= Thank you maganda= Beautiful (speaking of girls) mataba= Fat anong= What anong bang a Moran? What's your name? Gusto= like gusto mo? Do you like it? Mahal= love mahal gita= I love you Gustatogita = I like you nagugudom ako= I'm hungry. What time is it now? Sayang= What a waste. Unfortunately, makolit= = naughty grammar. Austronesian is sticky. Root plus additional components and root overlap (or partial overlap) are the main means of word formation. Additional components include the former. German O. Tambov, Japanese Nana Ogawa Masaichi, Asai Huilun, Tsuda Tuzi, American I Diane, etc. They all made a tentative test on the pronunciation of ancient Austronesian. The most commonly used words are disyllabic. Grammatical features: names, common nouns and locative nouns are added with different articles respectively. In the category of pronoun person and number, the first person plural can be divided into inclusion and exclusion. Verbs are sometimes, aspect, state, form and so on. Numbers can be counted in decimal, quintile and quartile. Most roots can be used as both nouns and verbs. Word order often changes with the nature of predicates. Predicates in some languages appear at the beginning of sentences, while others appear after the subject. Indonesian is spoken in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, Philippines, Taiwan Province Province, Sulawesi, Madura, Ambon, Timor, Madagascar and Malay Peninsula. Include Austronesian, Indonesian, Javanese, Sunda, Madura, Minangkabau, Aceh, Batok, Bukin, Balinese, Malay in Malaysia, Tagalog in the Philippines, Pisayan, Ilokano, Bikol, Bangpunya, Bangasinan and Igorot. Indonesian and Malay are very similar. The consonants in Indonesian are P, B, M, W, T, D, N, R, L, S, tj, dj, J, K, G, Mi, H, nj, SJ; The vowels are I, e, é, è, a, o, ó, u, ai, éi, au, ou; Stress is usually on the last syllable of a word. Nouns can be divided into proper names, common names, proper names, common names, material names and abstract nouns. Pronouns are not only grammatical categories such as names, numbers and cases, but also differences between kinship and social forms. Verbs have grammatical categories such as state, tense, aspect and form. Adjectives are divided into the same level, different levels and superlatives. These grammatical categories are characterized by the overlapping of additional components (pre-addition, middle-addition and post-addition), auxiliary words or roots. Generally, the subject comes first, the predicate comes last, the object comes after the predicate, and the attribute and adverbial come after the head word. Both Indonesian and Malay have characters based on Latin alphabet, but the design is slightly different. More than 654.38 billion people use Indonesian, and about 654.38 million people use Malay. About 45 million people in central and eastern Java speak Javanese. Old Javanese was introduced from southern India in the 9th century, and New Javanese uses Latin alphabet. About 6.5438+0.3 million people in western Java use Sunda, while others use Old Javanese and also use the Latin alphabet Sunda. Madura is spoken by about 8 million people in eastern Java and Madura, and Sumambo dialect is the standard dialect in education in the east. Madura people traditionally use ancient Javanese, but now they use the Latin letter Madura. About 3 million people in Sumatra use Minangkabau and about 2 million people use Aceh. Baltac is spoken by about 654.38 million+500,000 people in the northern, central and eastern coastal areas of Sumatra. The old Bartok language of Bartok has 16 basic letters, which have been changed to Latin letters. About 2.5 million people in the peninsula southwest of Sulawesi speak Bukin. Bujinwen is derived from old Javanese. About 2 million people in Bali use Balinese. Tagalog is spoken by about100000 people in central and southwestern Luzon Island, Philippines, including Manila. Tagalog uses Latin letters. The Pisayan language in the central Philippines is a general term for Cebu, Hili and Samaranch. Cebu is spoken by about 8 million people in Cebu Island, Bohol Island, East Negro Island, Silet Island and North Mindanao. Greek is spoken by about 3 million people in Banai Island and western Negro Island. About 6.5438+0.5 million people speak Samaran in the eastern part of Samar Island and Leyte Island. Ilocano is spoken by about 3 million people in northern Luzon Island. About 2 million people in bicol peninsula use Bikol. About 650,000 people in Bambanya province, located in the northwest of Manila in Luzon Island, use Bambanya. About 500,000 people in the southern province of Benghazi speak the southern language of Benghazi. In Gaoshan Province in the north-central part of Luzon Island, about 250,000 people speak Igorot. About 400,000 Moro people in Mindanao speak Maronau. Most languages in the Philippines have consonants such as P, B, M, W, T, D, L, R, N, S, J, K, π, Mi, H, Q, and vowels such as I, A, U,? amp#9 1; . Grammatically, there are complex modality and case systems, which are expressed in different ways, such as adding additional elements, adding auxiliary words, phrase transposition, stress transfer and so on. Madagascar has about 7 million people who speak Malagasy. They are descendants of Indonesian immigrants about 1500 ~ 2000 years ago, and 5 million of them speak Merina dialect, the official language. About 6.5438+0.5 million people in Vietnam and Khmer use Zhan. About 200,000 people in the central mountainous area and the longitudinal valley plain along the eastern coast of China's Taiwan Province Province use Taiwanese Austronesian, including Taiye, Saide, Zou, Kananabu, Shah Arua, Paiwan, Ames, Bunen, Rukai, Penang, Saisset, Shao and Mandarin. Polynesian is spoken in New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Niue, Cook, Tuamotu, Maxas, Wallis, Hawaii and Easter Island in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. Including Maori, Samoan, Uyghur, Tongan, Niue, Rarotonga, Tahiti, Tuamoto, Maxas, Hawaiian, Rapanui, etc. * * About 65,438+000 languages, dialects and sub-dialects. Polynesian languages have consonants such as P, T, K, M, N, Mi, L, R, F, W, S, H, X, and vowels such as A, E, I, O and U, but the long and short vowels are different phonemes. Grammatical features are indefinite articles and definite articles before nouns, special auxiliary words before plural nouns, independent forms of possessive pronouns, decimal counting of numerals (Hawaiian and Maxas retain the ancient quaternary counting method), syntactic expression of adjectives, and grammatical categories of verbs such as time, aspect, state and form. Predicates generally appear at the beginning of sentences. There are 200,000 Maori in the North Island of New Zealand, about half of whom speak Maori. Maori use Latin letters. There are125,000 people in western Samoa and 25,000 people in eastern Samoa. Samoans use Latin letters. Tahiti is spoken by about 50,000 people in Tahiti. Tahiti uses the Latin alphabet. About 75,000 people in tonga islands speak Tongan. Tongan uses the Latin alphabet. At present, about 7500 people in the Hawaiian Islands speak Hawaiian. Hawaiian uses Latin letters. About 5000 people in wallis islands speak Uyghur. Niue has about 5,000 people who speak Niue. Rarotonga is spoken by about 5,000 people in the Cook Islands. About 5,000 people in Tuamotu Islands use Tuamotu. Maxas is spoken by about 5,000 people in Maxas Islands. Melanesian language is distributed in Fiji, New Guinea, Bismarck, Solomon, Santa Cruz, New Caledonia, New Hebrides and other islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, including Fiji, Ambri, Lifu, Motu and Abim. The consonants of a language include interdental consonants and consonants in addition to the general characteristics of Austronesian languages. , soft palate sounds kw, gw, pw, bw, kbw, kpw, gbw. There are ae, ai, au and oi in diphthongs. Nouns can be divided into two categories according to the proximity of the things they represent to their owners. Numbers have five-digit counting methods. Verb is a grammatical category of person and number, which is expressed by a short-tailed pronoun. About 200,000 people in Fiji speak Fijian. Fijian uses the Latin alphabet. Micronesian language is distributed in Mariana, Marshall, Caroline, Guam, Gilbert, Trucks, Pohnpei, Paro, Yapu, Noru, Bosu and other islands north of the equator and west of the international international date line, including Marshall, Chamorro, Gilbert, Trucks, Pohnpei, Paro, Yapu, Noru, Uliti and Qusai. Language features: there are soft palatalization consonants and vowel assimilation. Nouns with number and possessive category. Personal pronouns have a complicated number and classification system. A verb or a tense auxiliary verb before a verb, plus a preposition, indicates people and numbers. There are about 20,000 people in the Marshall Islands who use the Marshall language with Latin alphabet. Chamorro is spoken by about 40,000 people in Guam. Chamo Tam also uses Latin letters. About 40,000 people in gilbert islands speak Gilbert. About 25,000 people on the truck speak truck language. About 654.38+500,000 people in Pohnpei speak Pohnpei. Palo language is spoken by about 1000 people in Palo Islands. There are about 5000 people in Yap Islands who speak Yap. About 5,000 people in Noru Island speak Noru. About 4000 people in Caroline Islands speak Uliti. There are about 3600 people using Qusay. Description of language pedigree: According to the current records of national languages, Austronesian * * has 1268 languages, and the last number is the number of languages contained in this language family or language family. The following is the latest classification. Note that the original 17 language of Formosa language family in Taiwan Province province and 139 language of Borneo language family were split into several new language families and upgraded to the same status as Malay-Porini West Asian language family. Austronesian (1268) Atayal (2) Bunun (1) East Formosa (5) Middle Group (2) North Group (2) Southwest Group (1). 2) Paiwanic)2) Malay-Polynesian in Malay-Porini (1248) Bali-Sasak (3) Baritaud (27) Malay-Polynesian in Middle East-Porini (708). (168) East Malays-Polynesians-Porini in East Malaysia (539) Unclassified West Asia Group Malay-Porini (1) Chamorro Group (1) Gayo Group (1) Java Group in the Middle East. Kayan-Murik (17) Lampungic (9) Landdayak (16) Madurese (2) Filipinos (Central Philippines, 6 1) Central Philippines (47) North Philippines) (72) North Luzon (56). 7) South Mangyan (4) Malays-Polynesians in Northwest China (84)melanou-Kajang( 13) Paiwan (1) and Paiwan (Puyuma, 1) Puyumarukai (1)