(1) Establishment of a new school "According to the existing statistics, from 1862, Yi Xuan invited the establishment of the Beijing Wentong Museum and 1863, Li Hongzhang established the Guangdong Museum in Shanghai to train foreign language translators, and from 1894, the Yantai Naval School was established in Yantai. In the past 30 years, Westernization School has established 24 new schools. " These schools can be roughly divided into three types: language schools, military schools and technical schools. 1. Language school. Yi et al. said in Pavilion Fold: "To deal with foreign affairs, we must first be familiar with their sexual desire and the situation of various countries, and we must first be familiar with their language, so that we will not be bullied. There is no one who knows a foreign language in China so far, so the first batch of new schools to train translators who know a foreign language were born in modern China. During the Westernization Movement, there were seven foreign language schools. The most famous one is Shi Jing Wentong Museum, which is the earliest Westernization school and translation and publishing institution in Qing Dynasty. On 186 1. 1.00 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), it was formally established on 1862 (the first year of Tongzhi). The teaching of Tongwenguan focuses on natural science knowledge such as foreign languages, mathematics, calculation, physics, chemistry, geography and minerals, as well as public international law and economics. Tongwen Museum has the nature of an institution of higher learning. It is the embryo of an institution of higher learning in China and the origin of modern education in China. 2. Military schools. The Westernization School, like all the Westernization measures they carried out, put the greatest energy into cultivating modern talents, that is, military talents. During the Westernization period, there were 15 military schools, including Tianjin Naval Academy, Tianjin Military Equipment Academy and Fuzhou Ship Administration Academy. The early military academy was Qiushitang Art Bureau under Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. When Zuo called for the establishment of Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, he proposed that his purpose was to really learn from western shipbuilding. He said: "A husband who studies shipbuilding is not trying to build a ship, but trying his best to make a driving skill." If you want to learn driving technology, you can't simply imitate it, but you must learn its manufacturing principle, which requires the establishment of corresponding schools to train talents in this field. "Therefore, you must open an art bureau, choose young Wu Ying children to learn their words, recite their books, master their arithmetic, and then western methods can be obtained from China. . In terms of educational methods, the school adopts the principle of combining basic theory with practice, that is, combining practice with ship operation training in the process of studying majors. For example, in 187 1 year, the Bureau of Shipping sent 28 students to board the "Jianwei" to practice sailing, reaching Singapore and Penang in the south and Liaodong Bay in Zhili Bay in the north. This practical teaching method is brand-new and groundbreaking in China. 3. technical school. The failure of the Second Opium War made the demand for military technical personnel particularly strong. Li Hongzhang wrote to the Prime Minister's yamen on 1864: "If China wants to strengthen itself, it is better to learn from foreign sharp weapons. There is no better way to learn foreign sharp tools than to find tools to make sharp tools and learn their methods without all of them. Those who want to find machines, or those who set up special departments to take scholars, will think that they are rich and famous for life, so that their careers can be achieved, their skills can be refined, and they can also be gathered. This view opens the door for the establishment of specialized schools. In order to cultivate talents in this field, a number of technical schools, especially those related to the military, were established during the Westernization Movement. During this period, there were 14 technical schools, including Fuzhou Ship Administration School, Shanghai Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau Artillery School, Fuzhou Electric Appliance School, Tianjin Telegraph School and Shanghai Telegraph School. Among them, Tianjin Telegraph School founded by Li Hongzhang in 1880 hired the staff of Danish Dabei Company to teach. With the erection of Tianjin-Shanghai, Shanghai-Han, Shanghai-Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong lines, the demand for telegraph talents is very urgent. At one time, "they were all transferred from Tianjin school at any time", and the lack of students promoted the development of the school. From 65438 to 0883, telegrams spread all over the country, and talents were needed everywhere. A large telegraph school has been established in Shanghai. Since then, Shanghai has actually become the center for training telegraph talents. From the above analysis, we can see that these new schools are new things in China, and what they have learned is what they didn't have in the past. Their establishment is a major reform in the history of education in China and a breakthrough in feudal traditional education. (2) sending overseas students 1. Send children to America. Sending overseas students is another important content of educational reform during the Westernization Movement. Hong Rong, who graduated from Yale University, was the earliest advocate of studying abroad. 1967, Hong Rong proposed a plan to send overseas students to Ding Richang, then governor of Jiangsu, which was well received. 187 1 year, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, according to Yung Wing's "education plan", gave a "charter discount for sending young children to the United States" to study military and political affairs, ship administration, step counting and manufacturing, and returned after working for more than ten years, so that China could master the skills that westerners are good at. Thirty children in the first phase 1872, after being trained by Shanghai Preparatory School, set out from Shanghai for the United States under the leadership of Chen Lanbin, the director. In June 1873, June 1874, June 165438+ 10, June 1875, there were also 30 young children studying in the United States in the second, third and fourth phases, which was called "children in the late Qing Dynasty" This is the first batch of students studying in China in modern history. 2. Send students from the School of Shipping Management to Europe. Sending students to study in Europe began in Fuzhou Ship Administration School. 1873, the left "yamen of prime ministers' affairs in various countries" suggested: "Send people to travel around Taixi to learn from each other's strong points, help each other with textual research, and strive for perfection", which can make "my mind increasingly open to prevent foreign invasion and benefit the people." At the end of the same year, Shen Baozhen, Premier of Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, invited the Qing government to send outstanding students to study abroad. 1875, Shen Baozhen invited students to study abroad again, which was approved. 1876, with the help of Li Hongzhang, seven people were sent to a German military camp to learn military skills. The following year, Li Hongzhang invited students from Fuzhou Ship Administration School to study in Europe, which was approved by the Qing government. Together with the 1 people who had been sent to study in France before, the first batch of international students from the shipping administration school, led by Li and Riyige, set off for study on March 3 1, 1877. Since then, Fuzhou Ship Administration School has sent four international students. The education of studying abroad trained a group of badly needed talents for modern China. 94 children studying in the United States were assigned to study in various new westernization institutions in Tianjin, Shanghai, Fuzhou and other places, and were awarded corresponding official positions. After returning to China, students studying in Europe became the backbone of Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Beiyang Navy, and played an important role in China's shipbuilding industry and naval construction. Source: All walks of life, the second half of the month