The experimental method of modern psychology comes directly from modern experimental physiology.
The founder of experimental psychology is Feng Te, 1879. Feng Te established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig University, which marked the independence of psychological science and the birth of experimental psychology.
In modern times, influenced by biological and physiological experiments, many psychologists hope to study people's psychological processes through similar experimental methods, which initially involve people's feelings and perceptions, and later develop into advanced psychological processes such as memory and thinking. This should be the answer you want. In fact, what people have experimented with doesn't mean anything. This is the main reason why experimental methods enter psychology.
It became the mainstream research method after Tieqiner.
190 1 year, Tieqinna published Experimental Psychology. He has made outstanding contributions to the establishment of an independent and complete experimental psychology system. After him, experimental psychology gradually formed a complete discipline system and became the mainstream research method of psychology.
When did experimental methods enter psychology? 1879, German psychologist Feng Te established the world's first psychology laboratory in Leipzig. Feng Te is a philosopher and physiologist. His psychological laboratory mainly studies the psychological process of feeling and perception, mainly using physiological experimental techniques. This is the time when psychology began to use experimental methods.
What experimental method should be used to lose weight in psychology? Hello, there is no secret to losing weight. The most important thing is to make up your mind and stick to it. Be sure to eat less, eat only a little or only fruit for dinner. Exercise is the most important thing. You can do more aerobic exercise, such as skipping rope, riding a bike, running and playing ball games. Persistence every day will have an effect.
When did experimental methods enter social psychology? The concept of experimental social psychology was first used by g Murphy and L. B Murphy. In the preface to the book Experimental Social Psychology published by 193 1, they pointed out that their book is to summarize the work of social psychologists trying to collect data through various experimental methods in an effort to make social psychology an experimental science. The revised edition of this book was published in 1937. There are various methods used in experimental social psychology, including laboratory experiments, field experiments, systematic observation, comparative cultural research, archives research, measurement, statistics (including related methods), simulation, interviews, questionnaires and all other objective methods. Every study of experimental social psychology, whether using one of the above methods or using several methods at the same time, has obtained more accurate and reliable results.
The earliest social psychology experiment can be traced back to 1897 N. triplett's research on the influence of others' presence and competition on individual behavior, which is now called social promotion phenomenon. He studied the speed at which people ride bicycles, and found that the speed at which individuals ride bicycles alone is 20% slower than that of a group of people riding bicycles together. Later, he took a group of children aged 10 ~ 12 as the experimental object, and the experimental content was entanglement. It is found that the efficiency of group winding is improved by 10% compared with that of single winding. According to these two experiments, he came to the conclusion that the efficiency of group work is much higher than that of individual work.
Although triplett's experiment is not perfect, it is significant. It tells people for the first time that social phenomena can also be explained by the conclusions of the laboratory, and also drives a group of people to start the research of experimental social psychology. In 1903, psychologist A. Meyer conducted a similar study. He compared the academic achievements of students at home and at school in quantity and quality. The results show that the group environment in school is far more effective for students to remember the contents of poetry, composition, mathematics and other disciplines than doing homework at home alone.
The study of psychological phenomena by experimental methods began in the middle of the eighteenth century.
How to study experimental psychology After the above introduction, we have a preliminary understanding of experimental psychology: its birth is accompanied by the establishment of scientific psychology, and its method is at the top of the sequence of psychological scientific research methods. It is the continuous research and application of experimental methods that have injected a steady stream of vitality into experimental psychology. So, from the practical level, how is the research of experimental psychology carried out? Generally speaking, although psychological experimental research is a creative activity, there is no certain law, but generally speaking, some basic procedures can be found. However, the most important thing is that every researcher of experimental psychology must follow the ethical principles of scientific research. 1. The research ethics of experimental psychology can be divided into two parts: one is the general principle of seeking truth from facts and being rigorous and prudent as an ordinary scientist; The second is the moral principles that experimental psychologists who study human beings must abide by. (1) General Ethics of Experimental Psychology In the experimental research of psychology, researchers should always pursue the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts and the rigorous and prudent work style. Most scientists can abide by the principle of seeking truth from facts, adopt an honest and objective attitude in their research, and try to report the facts. However, due to the limitations of observation methods or scientists' own expectations, scientists may inadvertently distort the facts. In most cases, this distortion can actually be eliminated by scientists' rigorous and cautious research attitude. For example, after X-ray was discovered in 1902, French physicist Blonlot claimed to have discovered "N-ray", and soon, many French physicists repeatedly confirmed the existence of "N-ray". However, physicists in the United States, Germany and Italy failed to repeat Blonlot's research successfully. Later, American physicist R.W. Wood visited Brownlow. The latter showed Wood a card with a halo on it. After dimming the lights, Blonlott said that the brightness of the halo on the card increased, which was the function of "N rays". However, Wood didn't see any change in brightness, so he was accused of "not being sensitive to eyes". Later, Wood asked for other simple tests to observe "N-rays". He inserted a thin lead plate between the "N-ray" and the card to move repeatedly (the lead plate is used to prevent the "N-ray" from passing through). At this time, Bloemlot reported that the brightness of the halo on the card changed accordingly. But in fact, the wood didn't really move stereotyped writing, just pretended to move. This shows that there is no evidence for the existence of "N-ray"! Because he failed to be cautious in his research, Blonlot paid a heavy price, never recovered, and died a few years later. This dramatic event left a profound lesson for experimental researchers: in the research process, we must strive for rigor and tolerate no carelessness; When drawing conclusions, we must carefully check and be cautious, and we will not tolerate any carelessness. Only in this way can science be truly objective and accurate. (2) Studying the ethical principles of human subject Experimental psychology takes human psychology as the research object, and its experimental research often takes people as the subject, which brings many moral problems to the research of experimental psychology. On the one hand, experimental psychology needs to carry out experiments as effectively as possible; On the other hand, we should also protect the rights of human subjects and bear moral responsibility. Therefore, experimental psychological research involving human subjects must follow the following ethical principles. 1. The principle of guaranteeing informed consent of subjects stipulates that subjects in psychological experiments have the right to know the purpose and content of the experiment, and can only participate in the experiment if they agree voluntarily: in an experiment, there are * * * presentations and corresponding reactions. . Before the experiment, the researcher must truthfully inform the subjects of the purpose, procedures and characteristics of the study, including the contents that may lead to harmful effects. Even if this notification may affect the willingness of the subjects to participate in the research, the researchers should faithfully fulfill this obligation. For example, when studying the influence of depression on job performance, subjects must be induced to have depression through specific procedures. The method of inducing depression was invented by Velten (1968). Subjects read 60 sentences related to emotional problems aloud. Reading these sentences can induce a series of depression, such as from the relatively mild "Today is as good as any other day" to the increasingly serious "I feel terrible and want to sleep and never wake up". This method can effectively induce temporary depression, and many subjects reported that they experienced depression. According to the principle of informed consent, researchers must truthfully inform the subjects that the induction procedure may lead to their temporary negative emotional experience, and let the subjects decide whether to accept such experimental arrangements. Only in this way can the subjects make it clear before the experiment that they still agree to the experiment even though they know that something they do during the experiment may make them feel unhappy. But sometimes, in order to control the reactivity of the subjects and avoid disturbing the experimental results because they know the real purpose or process of the experiment, the experimental researchers have to cover up some facts and deceive the subjects. For example, a researcher tries to study whether the subjects are more casual in the same-sex group than in the opposite-sex group, but if the subjects know the real purpose of the experiment, they may behave differently from usual, resulting in data distortion. Therefore, the researcher told the subjects that the purpose of the experiment was to "understand the problem solving situation in group cooperation and evaluate the difficulty of the task". Deception technology violates the principle of informed consent. In fact, this kind of deception often makes moral scientists face a dilemma. Therefore, deception technology must be used with caution. Only when deception is harmless to the subjects and the potential benefits of the experiment far exceed any danger that the subjects may encounter can deception be considered. However, researchers should try their best to let the subjects know the facts and tell them the truth completely after the experiment. 2. The principle of guaranteeing subjects' freedom of withdrawal stipulates that researchers must respect subjects' freedom and allow them to give up or withdraw from the experiment at any time. Subjects should be informed that they have the right to choose to give up the experiment at any time. Taking the experiment that studies the influence of depression on work performance as an example, ethical principles ensure that subjects can give up the experiment at any time to stop experiencing negative emotions during the process of inducing depression, even though they have fully understood and agreed to such experimental procedures before. Sometimes the subjects of psychological experiments are often college students taking experimental psychology courses. At this time, researchers should not take participation in the experiment as the only requirement, because it will deprive the subjects of the right to quit. The correct way is to give students more choices, such as writing papers, participating in experiments, or listening to special reports. At this time, the subjects have potential freedom, and they can choose to participate in or give up the experiment. 3. The principle of protecting subjects from harm requires researchers to ensure that subjects will not have any adverse reactions during and after the experiment. During the experiment, researchers must pay close attention to the state of the subjects. Because even the most meticulous and least dangerous research plan may have unexpected consequences, researchers should always be ready to provide help and advice to subjects. For example, in a memory experiment that everyone thinks is standard and harmless, researchers should allow the subjects to shout out because they feel depressed and uneasy, and allow those who feel disgusted to leave halfway. After the experiment is completed, the researcher should also solve any problems of the subjects. Still taking the experiment that induced depression as an example, researchers can ask the subjects who induced depression after the experiment to determine whether the subjects have any negative consequences. If the subject has emotional problems because of the experiment, the researcher has the responsibility to eliminate the harmful consequences for the subject. For example, subjects can be asked to read some sentences that can induce happy emotions to counter the negative emotions induced before. Afterwards, the researchers also asked the subjects whether their current mood was worse than at the beginning of the experiment. Only after all the subjects have made a good description can the researchers complete the experiment completely. If the subjects feel bad, researchers must take corresponding measures to eliminate the negative consequences of depression until they feel good. 4. Principle of confidentiality The so-called principle of confidentiality means that researchers should not disclose any performance of the subjects in the experiment, especially some personal information without the permission of the subjects. The principle of confidentiality seems simple, but it may encounter moral dilemma in actual implementation. For example, in an experimental study, a subject was found to have obvious depression, but never received treatment. Should researchers abide by the confidentiality principle and ignore the potential harm that subjects may suffer, or should they break the confidentiality principle and inform professional clinical psychologists to protect the safety of subjects? In this dilemma, researchers must weigh: which moral code is more important? If the researcher insists on treating the subjects, he may suspect that the researcher has violated his right to confidentiality, which will lead to lasting anger and distrust; If the researcher chooses to follow the principle of confidentiality, the subject will be in a state of severe depression and will not receive any treatment. From this point of view, protecting subjects from harm is more important than adhering to the principle of confidentiality. Therefore, the ethical behavior of experimental psychology must be based on practical results, that is, researchers must first protect the subjects best, and then consider how to complete a meaningful and effective research. This is the unity of the effectiveness and morality of scientific research.
The main research methods of psychology are () A observation, B experiment, C interview, D questionnaire, E test, abcde selection.
The main research methods of psychology are observation, experiment (including natural experiment and laboratory experiment), investigation (divided into questionnaire and interview) and measurement.
For details, please refer to Peng Yuling's General Psychology.
With reflection as the main research method, it was founded in June 2007+February 2007. What is introspective psychology?
Introspective psychology was founded in February 2007, with introspection as the main research method, hence the name "introspective psychology". Reflective psychology has its own unique research method (reflective research method) and unique concept system (new concepts such as emotion, surface information, etc. ), as well as a unique theoretical system (psychological dualism, psychological structure theory, stream of consciousness theory, emotion theory, superficiality theory, spiritual relativity, etc.). ) and application systems (psychotherapy, personnel training, advanced artificial intelligence, opening psychological black box, etc. ).
To study the physical and chemical properties of soy sauce, how to do experiments? Kneel for experimental method steps. Reference: standard number: GB/T 24399-2009 soy sauce standard.
There are several research methods of social psychology, one of which is called egg power.
No research methods are needed, as long as the eggs are forced out.
Confuse others and you win.
Adopt me, dear.